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Sociology Exam 1
Review for the first sociology exam woot woot.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociology | The study of how individuals influence and are influenced by their communities |
| Social Facts | Products of human interaction with persuasive/coercive power Widely accepted social constructs |
| Sociological Imagination | Capacity to consider how people's lives, including our own, are shaped by social facts around us |
| Public Sociology | Work of using sociological theory to make societies better |
| Sociological Theory | Empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts Look for social patterns, cause-effect relationships |
| Qualitative Research Methods | Non-numerical data - in-person interviews, images, text, observation |
| Quantitative Research Methods | Mathematics |
| Research Questions | Queries about the world that can be answered empirically |
| Sociological Research Methods | Scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts |
| Sociological Sympathy | Skill of understanding others as they understand themselves |
| Standpoint Theory | Theories that acknowledge how people's location and relationship to power, or standpoint, shape their worldview |
| Research Ethics | Moral principles that guide empirical inquiry |
| Social Patterns | Explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live |
| W. E. B. DuBois | Introduced quantitative research methods |
| Harriet Martineau | Wrote the first book on sociology |
| Emile Durkheim | Introduced the concept of social facts |
| Theory of the Mind | Recognition that other minds exist, followed b y the realization that we can try to imagine other's mental status |
| Mirror Neurons | Cells in our brain that fire in identical ways compared to others |
| Looking-Glass Self | The self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us |
| In-Depth Interview | Extended conversation between the researcher and the research subject |
| Coding | Segments of text that are identified as belonging to relevant categories |
| Self-fulfilling Prophecy | The concept that what people believe is true comes true, even if it wasn't originally true |
| Laboratory Experiment | A research method that involves a test of a hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions |
| Variable | Any measurable phenomenon that varies |
| Experimental Group | The group that undergoes the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable |
| Control Group | The group that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable |
| Causal Claims | Assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable. |
| Correlational Claims | Assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable but not in a way that can be proven causal |
| Self-narrative | A story we tell about the origin and likely future of ourselves |
| George Herbert Mead | Developed social psychology, founder of symbolic interactionism |
| Charles Horton Cooley | Coined looking-glass self |
| Culture | Differences in group's shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies, passed from one generation to the next |
| Socialization | Lifelong process by which we become members of our culture |
| Culturally Competent | Being able to understand and navigate cultures, done through socialization |
| Social Construct | An influential and shared interpretation of reality that varies across time and space |
| Social Construction | Process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections with them |
| Symbolic Structure | Constellation of social constructs connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning |
| Cultural Objects | Material objects in our world |
| Cultural Cognitions | Shared beliefs, values, and norms |
| Cultural Practices | Habits, routines, and rituals that people frequently perform |
| Interpersonal Socialization | Active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our culture |
| Self-socialization | Active efforts we make to be culturally competent |
| Social Ties | Connections between us and the other people |
| Social Networks | Web of ties that link to each other and strangers |
| Social Media | Social networks mediated by the internet |
| Homophily | Tendency to connect with others who are similar to us |
| Social Network Analysis | Mapping of social ties and exchanges between them |
| Mass Media | Mediated communication intended to reach many people |
| Media Socialization | Learning to be culturally competent through media exposure |
| Cultured Physiques | Bodies formed by what we do and with them - strength of skeletons |
| Cultured Capacities | Bodies that can do what we've culturally acquired skills to do - play tennis, hunt, fish |
| Cultured Conditioned | Responding physiologically to a socially constructed reality |
| Culture-as-value Thesis | Socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong |
| Culture-as-rational Thesis | When our gut reacts, we search for culturally familiar rationales to explain our reaction |
| Ethnocentrism | Believing your culture's ways and practices to above the culture of another |
| Cultural Relativism | Noting differences between cultures without passing judgement, type of sociological sympathy |
| Settled Times | Familiar and stable times Beliefs, values, and norms are well established |
| Unsettled Times | Unfamiliar and unpredictable times |
| Social Identities | Socially constructed categories and subcategories of people in which we place ourselves and are placed by others |
| Distinction | Active efforts to affirm identity categories and place ourselves and other into subcategories |
| Positive Distinction | Members of our own group are superior to members of other groups |
| In-group Bias | Preferential treatment of members of our own group and mistreatment of others |
| Minimal Group Paradigm | Tendency of people to form groups and actively distinguish themselves from others for the most trivial of reasons |
| Social Identity Theory | Idea that people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group memberships into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize positive distinction and in-group success |
| IDSPR | Steps to socially constructing an identity - invent, divide, stereotype, perform, and rank |
| Gender | Ideas, traits, interests, and skills we associate with being biologically male and female |
| Sex | Physical traits related to sexual reproduction |
| Gender Binary | The idea that there are only two genders |
| Intersex | People with physical characteristics typical of both people assigned male and people assigned female at birth |
| Psychological Wage | a noneconomic good given to one group as a measure of superiority over other groups |
| One-drop Rule | Idea that anyone with any trace of black ancestry could be considered black Pushed people out of white subcategory |
| Blood Quantum Rule | Law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have at least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry Pulled people into white subcategory due to increased benefits for Native Americans |
| Takao Ozawa and Bhagat Singh Thind | Sued on basis that Japanese and Indian people were White. First ruled that "white" had to defined by people from the Caucasus Mountains, later reversed logic in ruling that stated that white was based on common understanding among people |
| Mexican Racial Categories | Added as racial subcategory and subsequently removed after opposition from Mexicans. Now listed as an ethnicity |
| Content Analysis | Counting and describing patterns and themes in media |
| Doing Identity | Active performance of our social identities Ex: acting our age |
| Intersectionality | Recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities |
| Conspicuos Consumption | Spending elaborately on items/services with the sole intent of displaying wealth |
| Consumption | Use of wages to purchase goods and services |
| Stigma | A personal attitude that is widely devalued by members of one's society |
| Controlling Images | Persuasive negative stereotype that serve to justify/uphold inequality |
| Prejudice | Attitudinal bias against individuals based on a membership in a social grouop |
| Status | High or low esteem |
| Status Beliefs | Collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more/less deserving of esteem |
| Computational Sociology | Research method that uses computers to extract and analyze data |
| Status Elite | People who carry many positively regarded social identities |
| Henri Tajfel | Jew, captured by Nazis and survived as POW Worked with orphaned children and wanted to study why people engaged in such unimaginable violence Researched in-group bias and minimal group paradigm using "dots" experiment |
| Social Rules | Culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior |
| Prespective | Tell us what to do |
| Proscriptive | Tell us what to not do |
| Folkway | Loosely enforced norms - manners, etiquette |
| More | Highly enforced norms that carry moral significance - lying, stealing |
| Taboo | Social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening |
| Policies | Rules made and enforced by organizations |
| Laws | Rules made and enforced by cities, states, or federal government |
| Social Sanctions | Reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity |
| Account | An excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right, explains why we can break the rule "in this circumstance" |
| Symbolic Interactionism | Theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality Society is the product of shared symbols |
| Herbert Blumer | Developed symbolic interactionism |
| Dramaturgy | Practice of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages |
| Face | Version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific settings |
| Impression Management | Efforts to control how we are perceived by others |
| Presentations of Self | A multiplicity of roles that we embody when participating in different social roles |
| Team Work | In social situations, we interact with teams of actors that "keep the show running" and uphold certain definitions of reality |
| Unmarked Identities | Status-advantaged group, generally goes unnoticed Ex: Lion, NBA |
| Marked Identities | Less socially dominant group, goes noticed Ex: Lionness, WBNA |
| Interpersonal Discrimination | Prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals |
| Ethnomethodology | Researched aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions |
| Field Experiment | Done in the real world and outside of a laboratory |
| Harold Garfinkel | Founder of ethnomethodology |
| Ethnomethods | Common understanding of how the world operates and people should act Ex: Elevator etiquette |
| Breaching | Purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond |
| Audit Studies | a type of field experiment where the Researcher matches testers that are similar to one another on virtually every relevant criterion except for the factor they are investigating |
| Deviance | Behaviors and beliefs that violate social experiments and attract negative sanctions |
| How deviance is a social construct | It is based off of society's collective view. It is made through stigmatization, criminalization, and medicalization |
| Strain Theory | deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people's ability to attain them |
| Differential Association Theory | Idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks |
| Social Disorganization Theory | Idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods |
| Concentrated Poverty | A condition in which 40% or more of residents live below the federal poverty line |
| Neutralization Theory | Deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking |
| Labeling Theory | How labels that are applied influence behavior |
| Labeling | Process of assigning a deviant identity to someone |
| Primary Deviance | Instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label |
| Secondary Deviance | Further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label |
| Structural Functionalism | Society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability |
| Collective Conscience | Society's shared understanding of right/wrong |
| Anomie | Widespread normlessness/weakening of or an alienation from social rules |
| Conflict Theory | Idea that societies aren't characterized by shared interests but competing ones Societies defined by fight over control of valuable resources |
| Social Inequality | Wealth, power, prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities |
| Survey | Research method that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to collect analyzable data |
| Historical Sociology | Involves collecting and analyzing data that reveal facts about past events |
| Howard Becker | Founder of labeling theory |
| Microsociology | Intricate studies of the everyday |
| Macrosociology | Elaborate studies of large-scale social trends |
| Defiance | Deliberate tools to fight inequality and challenge the collective conscious, in order to create social change |
| The Protest Psychosis | Medicalization of protest by transforming schizophrenia from affecting middle-class housewives to angry black men who engaged in social protests, institutionalization of black people skyrocketed |
| Social Institutions | Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need |
| Ideologies | Shared ideas about human life should be organized |
| Social Structure | Describes the entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live |
| Structural Position | Features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints |
| Institutional Discrimination | Widespread and enduring policies that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others |
| Social Stratification | A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies |
| Weber's Six Characteristics of a Bureaucracy | Division of labor, hierarchical authority, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships, qualification-based careers, efficiency |
| Organizational Structure | The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization |
| Organizational Culture | Patterns of norms and behaviors within a social group, also called corporate culture |
| Criminal Record and Employment | Having a criminal record does affect employment callbacks, but race also plays a facotr |
| General Motors Lawsuit | General Motors hired both black men and white women; therefore, they could not be discriminating against black women. However, intersectionality tells us that both gender and race affect the lives of black women, so General Motors was discriminating. |
Created by:
millimeteryeeter