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Heart Master 2

Heart review

Question	Answer
An example of a noninvasive cardiology procedure/service is.	cardiovascular stress test
What is the name of the procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the space around the heart through a needle and a catheter is left in to allow for continued drainage.	pericardiocentesis
The device that can be inserted into the body to electrically shock the heart into regular rhythm	cardioverter-defibrillator
What type of cardiology is a diagnostic specialty that uses radioactive elements to aid in the diagnosis of cardiology conditions	nuclear
A ___ is a mass of undissolved matter that is present in blood and is transported by the blood	embolus
A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs.	pulmonary artery
Contraction phase of the heartbeat	systole
Located between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart	mitral valve
Saclike membrane surrounding the heart	pericardium
Sensitive tissue in the right atrium wall that begins the heartbeat	sinoatrial node
Blood vessels branching from the aorta to carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle	coronary arteries
Disease of heart muscle	cardiomyopathy
Inflammation of a vein	phlebitis
A local widening of an artery	aneurysm
Bluish coloration of the skin	cyanosis
Can lead to myocardial infarction. Blood is held back from an area. Can be caused by thrombotic occlusion of a blood vessel. May be a result of coronary artery disease.	ischemia
Chest pain relieved with nitroglycerin.	angina
Cardiac arrhythmia	fibrillation
small, pinpoint hemorrahages	petechiae
drug used to strengthen the heartbeat	digitalis
Removal of plaque from an artery	endarterectomy
The pacemaker of the heart is the	sinoatrial node
The sac-like membrane surrounding the heart is the	pericardium
The contractive phase of the heartbeat is called	systole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat is called	diastole
Abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of heart valves is	murmur
Hardening of arteries	arteriosclerosis
Enlargement of the heart	cardiamegaly
Inflammation of a vein with a clot	thrombophlebitis
Disease condition of heart muscle	cardiomyopathy
Condition of rapid heart beat	tachycardia
Smallest blood vessel	capillary
Largest artery in the body	aorta
lower chamber of the heart	ventricle
Carries blood from the lungs to the heart	pulmonary vein
Brings blood to heart from upper parts of the body	superior vena cava
Upper chamber of the heart	atrium
Valve between the left atrium and ventricle	mitral valve
Small artery	arteriole
Valve between the right atrium and ventricle	tricuspid valve
Failure of condiction of impulses from the AV node to bundle of His	heart block
Blood is held back from tissues	ischemia
Mass of plaque (cholesterol)	atheroma
Narrowing of a vessel	vasoconstriction
Dead tissue in heart muscle	myocardial infarction
Chest pain	angina
Blockage of a vessel due to a clot	thrombotic occlusion
High density lipoproteins	HDL
Treatment to dissolve clots in blood vessels	thrombolytic theraphy
Tube is introduced into a vessel and guided into the heart to detect pressures and blood flow	cardiac catheterization
White blood cell with reddish gra ules; numbers increase in allergic reactions	eosinophil
Protein threads that form the basis of a clot	fibrin
Method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge	electrophoresis
Foreighn material that invades the body	antigens
Pigment produced from hemogloblin when red blood cells are destroyed	bilirubin
Anticoagulant found in the blood	heparin
Deficiency in numbers of white blood cells	neutropenia
Immature red blood cell	erythroblast
Derived from bone marrow	myeloid
Breakdown of recipient’s red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed	hemolysis
Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin	iron-deficiency anemia
Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction	hemolytic anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow	aplastic anemia
Formation of lymph	lymphopoiesis
Abdominal organ that filters erythro-cytes and activates lymphocytes	Spleen
Produces lymphocytes and monocytes and all other blood cells	Bone marrow
Slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes	Lymphocytosis
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes	Hodgkin disease
Red blood cell	erythrocyte
White blood cell; phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage	monocyte
Thrombocyte	platelet
Leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies	lymphocyte
Leukocyte with dense, reddish granules; associated with allergic reactions	eosinophil
Leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow and having neutral-staining granules	neutrophil
Leukocyte whoes granules have an affinity for basic stain; releases histamine and heparin	basophil
Deficiency in numbers	erythrocytopenia
Reduction of hemoglobin ("color")	hypochromic
Increase in numbers of small cells	microcyctosis
Erythremia	polycythemia vera
Increase in numbers of large cells	macrocytosis
formation of red cells	erythropoiesis
Destruction of red cells	hemolysis
Relieving, but not curing	palliative
Deficiency of all blood cells	pancytopenia
Increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions	eosinophilia
Symptoms of disease return	relapse
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages; blood accumulates under the skin	purpura
Separation of blood into its components	apheresis
Measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood	hematocrit
Determines the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter	platelet count
Ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube	coagulation time
Measures the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma	erthrocyte sedimentation rate
Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs	WBC differential
Determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Ph-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Coombs test
Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient	autologous transfusion
process of recording heart sound, studies structures & motions of the heart	echocardigraphy
decreased blood supply of oxygen to body part	ischemia
local abnormal dilation of a vessel. usually an artery	aneurysm
irregularity in heart action	arrhythmia
consist of the cardiovascular sytem (heart and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (conveyance of the fluid lymph)	circulatory Sytem
the fluid portion of the blood in which corpuscles are suspended	plasma
the sac that is made up of a double membrane which encloses the heart	pericardium
inflammation of the pericardium.	peritcarditis
forms the lining inside of the heart	endocardium
often caused by infective organisms that invade the endocardium	endocarditis
heart muscle itself	myocardium
inflammation of the heart muscle	myocarditis
general dyognostic term that designates primary heart disease	cardiomyopathy
blood vessels that supply oxygen to the heart	coronay arteries
severe pain and constriction about the heart caused by an insufficient supply of blood to the heart	angina pectoris
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart beat	arrhythmia
enlarged size of the heart	cardiomegaly
a severe cardiay arrhythmia in which contractions are too rapid and to uncoordinated for effective blood circulation	fibrillation
an electronic apparatus that delivers a shock to the heart to restore a proper rhythm	defribillator
cessation of the heartbeat; a clinical condition resulting from failure of the heart to pump the blood effectively and to maintain adequate circulation of the blood	heart failure
a condition characterized by weakness, breathlessness and edema in the lower portions of the body	congestive heart failure
a soft blowing or rasping sound that may be heard when listening to the heart	heart murmur
excessive blood in heart	hyperlipemia
formation of a localized area of tissue that under goes necrosis (death of tissue) following lack of blood supply to that area.	infarction
death of an area of the heart muscle that occurs as a result of oxygen deprivation	myocardial infarction
defeciency of blood supply to the myocardium	myocardial ischemia
a serious condition in which blood flow to the heart is reduced to such an extent that the body tissues do not receive enough blood	shock
refers to operative procedures on the heart after it has been exposed through an incision of the chest wall	open heart surgery
is the method used to divert blood away from the heart and lungs temporarily while surgery of the heart and major vessels is performed	Cardiopulmonary bypass
artificial pacemaker implanted to keep the heart rhythm within a desirable range in patients who suffer from severe arrhythmia	pacemaker implant
tha passage of a long flexible tube into the heart chambers through a vein in an arm or a leg or the neck	cardiac catherterization
uses sound waves bounced off tissue to produce a record called a sonogram	ultrasound
is the term generally associated with the use of ultrasonography in diagnosing heart disease	echocardiograph
is the record of the heart obtained by directing ultrasonic waves through the chest wall	echocardiogram
is produced by recording the electrical currents of the heart muscle using a device calle an electrocardiograph	electrocardiogram
is recommended as an emergency first aid procedure to re-establish heart and lung action if breathing or heart action has stopped	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
is an increase in the diameter of the blood vessel	vasodilation
drugs that dilate the blood vessels are sometimes used to treat hypertension	vasodilators
Build-up of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries.	Coronary Heart Disease
reduction of the platelet count below the normal range of 150,000 to 400,000/ul (150 x 400 x 109/L)	thrombocytopenia
thrombocyte	platelet
a process by which WBC’s ingest or engulf any unwanted organism and then digest and kill it	phagocytosis
marked decrease in the number of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets	pancytopenia
a reduction of the neutrophil count to less than 1000 to 1500/ul (1 to 1.5 x 109/L)	neutropenia
a total white blood count less than 4,000/ul	leukopenia
destruction of erythrocytes	hemolysis
a protein-iron molecule that is the major compnent of erythrocytes and transports oxygen	hemoglobin
blood cell production	hematopoieses
the study of blood and blood-forming tissues	hematology
vomiting of blood that indiacates bleeding in the upper GI tract; may be bright red or of "coffee ground" character	hematemesis
process of red blood cell production	erythropoiesis
a manifestation of a pathologic process characterized by a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit) in the blood	anemia
a disease in which the patient has peripheral blood pancytopenia (decrease of all blood cells types) and hypocellular bone marrow	aplastic anemia
in transplantation, denotes removal of the patients own tissue and the fiving back of the tissue to that person	autologous
a serious bleeding disorder resulting from abnormally initiated and accelerated clotting	disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
an autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption and, as a result, increased tissue iron depostition	hemachromatosis
an anemia caused by destruction of RBC’s at a rate that ex ceeds production	hemolytic anemia
heraditary bleeding disorders caused by defective or deficient clotting factors; classic hemophilia A is a sexlinked recessive genetic disorder caused by deficient factor VIII; hemophilia B is a deficiency of factor IX	hemophilia
anemia caused by inadequate iron for hemoglobin production	iron-deficiency anemia
process by which blood is withdrawn from a vein, white blood cells are selectively removed, and the remaining blood is reinfused into the donor	leukapharesis
general term used to describe a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen	leukemia
enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels	lymphadenopathy
large immature cells that normally develop into lymphocytes	lymphoblasts
defect in proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes	lymphocytic leukemia
a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms involving lymphoid tissue	non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
type of megaloblastic anemia resulting from inadequate gastric secretion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12)	pernicious anemia
production and presence of increased numbers of red blood cells	polycythemia
an exacerbation of sickle cell anemia when sickle cell hemoglobin assumes various crescent or sickle shapes, occluding small blood vessels	sickle cell crisis
group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte	sickle cell disease
abnormal hemoglobin that caused development of deformed crescent-shaped red blood cells when oxygen tension is lowered	sickle cell hemoglobin
heterozygous state in which an individual has only one sickle cell gene paired with a normal homoglobin gene	sickle cell trait
abnormal enlargement of the spleen	splenomegaly
an autosomal recessive genetic disorde of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin	thalassemia
a reduction of the platelet count below the normal range of 150,000 to 400,000/ul	thrombocytopenia
What is the term for vomiting blood?	hematemesis
Leading cause of death for smokers	coronary heart disease
excessive number of red corpuscles in the blood	polcythemia
deficiency of RBCs	anemia
substance that prevents the blood from clotting	anticoagulant
destruction of RBCs	hemolysis
stoppage of blood flow from a damaged blood vessel	hemostasis
malignant overproduction of WBCs	leukemia
liquid portion of blood	plasma
clear yellow fluid that remains after the clotted blood has been centrifuged and separated	serum
protein produced by exposure to antigen	antibody
substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies	antigen
procedure that matches patient and donor blood before a transfusion	compatibility (crossmatch)
component of fresh plasma that contains clotting factors	cryoprecipitate
plasma collected from a unit of blood and immediately frozen	fresh frozen plasma
blood from which the plasma has been removed	packed cells
405-409 mL of blood collected from a donor for a transfusion	unit of blood
the study of the immune system	immunology
another name for antibody	immunoglobulin
the study of serum	serology
glucose in the urine	glycosuria
blood or hemoglobin in th urine	hematuria (hemoglobinuria)
What is a normal hgb?	Men - 14.0-17.4 ,women - 12.0-16.0
What is a normal Hct %?	Men - 42-52, Women - 36-48
What is normal for Platelets?	140-400
What is the pupose of a Sedimentation Rate aka Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?	Non-specific test. Increase found in anemia from acute or chronic disease, Normal in iron-deficiency anemia alone
superficial veins of the arm and hand; most common site	peripheral venous sites
inserted in antecubital area until just before axilla used for those with limited peripheral veins or require extended IV therapy	midline catheter
delivered into large vein such vena cava and inserted into the jugular or subclavian vein	central venous catheter
Peripheral IV change	72 hours
surgically implanted threaded into r. side heart	Porta Catheter
What is the cycle of firing starting at the SA node to....?	the AV node, down the bundle of His, which divides into right and left bundle branches , through the purkinje fibers (in the ventricles)
What does the P wave represent?	atrial depolarization
What happens to the atria when they deplarize?	they contract
What does the QRS complex represent?	ventricular depolarization
What happens to the ventricles during depolarization?	they contract
What occurs to the atria during the QRS complex	they repolarize
What is repolarization representative of?	relaxation
What does the T wave represent?	ventricular repolarization
When the ventricles repolarize what are they doing?	relaxing
What is the U wave representative of?	hypokalemia
What signs may present with sinus tach?	dyspnea or angina
What is a PAC	premature atrial contraction
what is an PAC in layman terms	early beat
What causes a PAC?	the atria fire before the SA node fires
What is atrial flutter?	when the atria contract rapidly
What is the differentiation between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation?	the rate in fibrillation is more rapid and more chaotic than flutter
What causes atrial flutter?	rheumatic or ischemic heart disease, CHF, hypertension, pericarditis, PE and post op CABG
What is the treatment for atrial flutter?	cardioversion
What meds control atrial flutter?	calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, digoxin, quinidine, propranolol, procainamide
What causes atrial fibrillation?	aging, rheumatic or ischemic heart disease, heart failure, HTN, pericarditis, PE and post op CABG
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if patient is unstable?	cardioversion
function of the heart	a 4 chamber double pump
function of the atria (right and left)	pump blood into the ventricles
function of arteries	carry blood away from the heart
function of the veins	carry blood toward the heart
function right ventricles	right pumps to pulmonary circulation
function left ventricle	pumps blood to systemic circulation
What are the AV valves?	AV valves, tricuspid and mitral
what are the semilunar valves	pulmonic and aortic
Systole takes place when the _________contract	ventricles
Diastole is the time between ____________ when ventricles are ___________ and are being filled with blood.	contractions, relaxed
As ventricles begin to contract, the pressure in the ventricles_______which cause the ____valves to close and produce__________.	rises, AV(mitral and tricuspid), S1-LUB
As pressure continues to rise it forces the ________________ and __________valves to open and the blood is ejected into either the pulmonary artery or aorta	pulmonic and aortic valves
which sound is made during artial closure	S4
which sound is made during aortic valve closure	S2
which sound is made during ventricular filling from LA>LV	S3
which sound is made during mitral valve closing	S1
What is turbulent flow within the heart	a murmur
What is turbulent flow outside heart in arteries called	bruit
Where is the heart located?	mediastinum
What encloses the heart?	3 pericardial membranes
What prevents friction between the three layers of the pericardial sac?	serous fluid
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?	atria
what are the lower chambers of the heart called?	ventricles
Which has thicker walls the atria or the ventricles	ventricles
Which of the ventricles has thicker wall right or left ; why	left because it is pumping the blood back into the body
what are the valves called that separate the atria and ventricles?	right-tricuspid and left is mitral valve
What is the pacemaker of the heart?	SA node
What causes the cardiac sounds S1 and S2 (or lub-dupp)	The closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole for S1 and the S2 is created by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute	cardiac output
a measure of ventricular efficiency	ejection fraction
Epinephrine is secreted by the...?	adrenal medulla
What is epinephrines function in the cardiac system?	increases the HR and force of contraction and dilates the coronary vessels
What does Aldosterone do in relation to the cardiac system?	it helps regulate blood levels of sodium and potassium
What does ANP do?	increases excretion of sodium by the kidneys
What causes ANP secretion?	high blood pressure or greater blood volume that streches the walls of the atria
Where are valves most numerous in the circulatory syste?	in the legs to carry blood back to the heart without backflow
If blood flow through the kidneys what happens to preserve blood volume?	the low BP stimulates the kidneys to secrete renin which will initiate renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism.
What are the two pathways of circulation	pulmonary and systemic
Where does pumonary circulation begin?	right ventricle
Where does systemic circulation begin?	left ventricle
What is atherosclerosis?	deposits of lipids on and in the walls of the arteries
What is arteriosclerosis?	gradual deterioration of walls of arteries
What is another name for orthostatic hypotension?	postural hypotension
What does a pulse quality of 2+ mean?	normal pulse quality
one that disappears when slight pressure is applied and returns when pressure is removed	thready pulse
a vibration in the vessel felt on palpation	thrill
humming heard on on auscultation of a vessel as a result of turbulent blood flow	bruit
What does pink frothy sputum indicate?	acute heart failure
nailbeds swell due to oxygen deprivation	clubbing
reddish brown discoloration found in LE	rubor
What does rubor indicate?	decreased arterial blood flow
How do the LE present on venous insufficiency?	brown , cyanotic
What is JVD?	jugular vein distention
What is the most common cause of JVD?	right sided heart failure
What does a cap refill of >3 sec indicate?	anemial or decrease in blood flow to the extremity
What causes a pericardial friction rub?	inflammation of the pericardium
What position would you have a patient be in to best hear the friction rub?	sitting and leaning forward
Where would you best hear a friction rub?	left of the sternum
protein found only in cardiac cells	troponin
What does an elevated troponin indicate?	myocardial damage
how soon after damage does the troponin increase?	4-6 hours
When do troponin levels peak?	10-24 hours after damage
How long after damage do the troponin levels remain high?	7 days
What cardiac enzymes are released after myocardial damage?	CK,CPK,LDH
Why are CK, CPK less indicative of myocardial damage?	because these are enzymes that are found in other tissues as well as cardiac so elevations may be result of other than cardiac damage
What information can a lipid profile provide?	screen for increased risk for coronary artery disease
High levels of what is linked to an increase in CAD?	LDL
deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglobin	anemia
substances produced by the body that destroy or inactivate a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body	antibodies
substances that, when introduced into the body, cause formation of antibodies against them	antigens
white blood cell that stains readily with basic dyes	basophil
the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin	carbaminohemoglobin
obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream	embolism
a blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel	embolus
white blood cell that is readily stained by eosin	eosinophil
a disease that may develop when an Rh-negative mother has anti-Rh antibodies and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby and the antibodies react with the Rh-positive cells of the baby	erythroblastosis fetalis
red blood cells	erythrocytes
insoluble protein in clotted blood	fibrin
soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting	fibrinogen
volume percent of blood cells in whole blood	hematocrit
iron-containing protein in red blood cells	hemoglobin
substance obtained from the liver; inhibits blood clotting	heparin
blood cancer characterized by an increase in white blood cells	leukemia
white blood cells	leukocyte
abnormally high white blood cell numbers in the blood	leukocytosis
abnormally low white blood cell numbers in the blood	leukopenia
one type of white blood cell	lymphocytes
a phagocyte	monocyte
white blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes	neutrophil
deficiency of red blood cells because of a lack of vitamin B12	pernicious anemia
white blood cells that engulf microbes and digest them	phagocytes
an excessive number of red blood cells	polycythemia
a protein present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting	prothrombin
a protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets; it converts prothrombin into thrombin, a step essential to forming a blood clot	prothrombin activator
blood plasma minus its clotting factors, still contains antibodies	serum
protein important in blood clotting	thrombin
also called platelets; play a role in blood clotting	thrombocytes
protein important in blood clotting	thrombin
also called platelets; play a role in blood clotting	thrombocytes
formation of a clot in a blood vessel	thrombosis
stationary blood clot	thrombus

Created by: Nerd

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