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VTT110 Quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a diagnosis? | Identifying a disease by its signs or symptoms |
| Ethically and legally, should the veterinary technician make a diagnosis? | no |
| What are the advantages for the patient and veterinarian, when the veterinary technician begins the history taking process? | Saves the doctor time, more thorough care of pets |
| In what form should history taking questions be asked? Why? | Open-ended so as not to lead the client into an answer |
| How should you ask nonleading questions about an animal’s water consumption? | Any changes in Fluffy’s drinking? |
| How should you ask nonleading questions about an animal’s appetite? | Any changes in Fluffy’s eating? |
| How should you ask nonleading questions about an animal’s bowel movement? | Any changes in Fluffy’s defecating/urinating? |
| How should you ask nonleading questions about an animal’s conditions like vomiting and/or diarrhea? | Any changes in Fluffy’s vomiting/diarrhea? |
| What is the “patient signalment”? Why is it important input for the veterinarian who is making a diagnosis of patient illness? | It is a list of important information aqe, breed, color, sex and reproductive status |
| Explain what a “chief complaint” is? Why is it the most important part of the history taking process for the client? How should you ask this question? | Reason client has brought the pet in, most important to the client, What brings you in with Fluffy today? |
| A six-month-old cocker spaniel is brought in because she is vomiting. The doctor has asked you to begin the history questions? What questions should you ask the owner? | All general questions focusing on diet history, frequency and duration or vomiting |
| What questions should be asked to determine: past medical and surgical history? | Any previous medical problems or surgery? |
| What questions should be asked to determine: environmental history? | Is the pet indoor/outdoor, go to groomer, boarding etc. |
| What questions should be asked to determine: medication history? | What medications or supplements is the pet currently taking? |
| What environmental situations may put an animal at greater risk for disease and/or injury? | Any situations where the pet leaves the home, roaming, grooming/boarding, dog training classes, etc |
| What questions are you going to ask to determine an animal’s dietary history? | What are you currently feeding Fluffy, how much per day and how often? Any additional food or treats? |
| Josh is a 9-month-old black lab. He is very ill and has been vomiting. What question should be asked pertaining to dietary history? | Any recent changes in diet? |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Cardiovascular system: | exercise intolerance |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Respiratory system: | trouble breathing |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Gastrointestinal system: | vomiting, diarrhea, appetite |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Genitourinary system: | urination, heat cycle |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Musculoskeletal system: | limping, gait |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Nervous system: | gait, changes in behavior |
| Part of the history taking process is to ask a series of questions of the owner that will illicit information about body systems. What questions would you ask for: Integumentary system: | itching, scratching, hair loss |
| If you are to obtain a medical history, what attitude should you display? Why? | Develop rapport, nonjudgmental, to gain client’s trust |
| How should you greet the client and their pet(s)? Why? | Introduce yourself, and position, so client knows your role and name |
| Why is listening attentively to clients while obtaining medical histories very important? | Shows you care and gains client’s trust |
| Mrs. Jamison is a new client with a 6-year-old cocker spaniel. What question should you ask this new client as you begin obtaining a medical history? | Any previous medical problems, surgeries? |
| You have been directed by Dr to obtain prelim medical history info from Mrs. Mattison. She is in the waiting room with her miniature schnauzer Zeke. What observations should you be making as you meet and lead Zeke and his owner into the examination room? | Observe Zeke’s behavior, gait, posture, awareness of surroundings |
| Dr. Jane has directed you to perform a “progress” PE on a hospitalized cat named Florence. What should you be observing as you remove the patient from its cage to begin the procedure? | Any contents in cage (fecal matter, urine) |
| Dr. Jane has also directed you to obtain Florence’s “vital signs”. What physical information are you to obtain? | Temperature, pulse, respiration |
| When you take Florence’s temperature, you find that it is normal. What is a normal temperature for a domestic feline? | 100.2-102.2 |
| If she had a “fever” what might her temperature be? | Over 102.2 |
| Give 2 causes for an animal to have an elevated temperature when it is not ill or injured | Stress, excitement |
| Obtaining the pulse rate of a patient assesses the condition of what body system? | cardiovascular |
| Is the pulse rate obtained from an artery or vein? | artery |
| What vessel is the pulse rate most commonly obtained from in the dog and cat? | Femoral artery |
| Where is this vessel located? | Medial thigh next to femur |
| Where is the best anatomical location to count the heart rate by palpation? | Directly over the heart (sternum) |
| How is the presence of a pulse deficit determined? Physiologically, what is occurring in the heart when a pulse deficit is present? What does a pulse deficit indicate? | Must auscultate heart rate and palpate pulse at the same time, fewer pulse beats than heart beats, cardiovascular disease |
| What is a slower than normal heart rate? | bradycardia |
| What is a faster than normal heart rate? | tachycardia |
| How is the “pulse character” determined? What are the 3 terms used to describe the character of the pulse. | Palpating the pulse, firm/regular, thread, bounding |
| How is the respiratory rate of an animal obtained? | Observe either inspiration or expiration and count for 15 seconds then X 4=rpm |
| What is meant by respiratory character? | type of breaths being taken |
| Give the meaning of the following terms: tachypnea | higher than normal |
| Give the meaning of the following terms: hyperpnea | deeper more rapid |
| Give the meaning of the following terms: shallow | very little effort |
| Give the meaning of the following terms: dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| You are to auscultate the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of a patient. Give all the steps that should be taken during these procedures to assure that the sounds are heard clearly | ear pieces inserted correctly, select quiet location, press stethoscope head firmly against the patient’s body, attempt to close patient’s mouth if panting, best to have animal standing |
| You are attempting to auscultate the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of a cat that is purring. What are several procedures that could be done in an attempt to stop the animal from purring? | Running water, alcohol, distractions |
| What would be the optimal position for Spike to be in to hear his heart and lung sounds clearly? | Standing if able |
| How would you auscultate his respiratory system including all lung fields larynx, and trachea? | At least 5 areas both right and left sides, and over the larynx |
| If rhonchi or crepitations are heard, describe what you would be hearing. | Rhonchi-wheezing, snoring Crepitations-crackles, popping sounds |
| Physically, what causes the 2 audible heart sounds? | Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves S1, closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves S2 |
| Anatomically, what is the best location to hear the heart sound of a dog? and cat? | Dog-left side of thorax near elbow, cat start at sternum and move towards left side |
| When obtaining the heart rate by auscultation, how long should you count for? | At least fifteen seconds |
| You have obtained Spike’s heart rate by auscultation. You heard 20 beats in fifteen seconds. What would Spike’s heart rate be per minute? | 80bpm |
| What are the components of the respiratory tract? | trachea, lungs |
| If a dog was to experience respiratory distress, what would be the first subtle sign? Later signs? | Abnormal sounds, dyspnea |
| What is an irregular or abnormal rhythm? | arrhythmia |
| What is an abnormality in a physiological rhythm? | dysrhythmia |
| Normally, a jugular pulse is not visible, (may be observed in lateral recumbency) but if it is, it would indicate what pathological condition? | Right sided heart failure |
| Why are grooming and bathing important aspects of medical care of hospitalized patients? | Well-groomed patients will feel better |
| Describe the grooming tools that should be used when grooming short and longhaired dogs and cats. What are the difference(s) in tools used? | Short-haired bristle brush, long-haired slicker brush, combs etc. |
| Nail trimming (pedicure) is an important component of medical nursing care. What problems can result if an animal does not receive a pedicure on a routine basis? | Trouble walking, ingrown nails, torn/avulsed nails |
| What are the two common types of nail trimmers that are used? | Rescoe/guillotine, scissor type |
| What type of trimmer is best used for cats? | scissor type |
| What special challenge does a dog that has not had its nail trimmed for an extended period of time present to the person performing the pedicure? | Quick has grown out so must take caution and trim small amounts at a time |
| When you are trimming nails that are black, what will indicate that you are getting close to the “quick”? | white center |
| What structures are contained in the nail quick? | Vessels and nerves |
| You are performing a pedicure and a nail is “quicked”, what have you done? | Nicked the blood vessel |
| What is a hemostatic agent? | Stops the bleeding |
| Name two products that act as hemostatic agents when nails are quicked | Kwik stop, silver nitrate |
| What is the three-step process recommended for treating “quicked nails”? | 1. Apply pressure, 2. Wipe away excess blood, apply kwik stop |
| What are “dewclaws”? Where are they located? | Fifth nail, medial |
| Anatomically, the anal glands are located where? | 5 o’clock, and 7 o’clock |
| What are the clinical signs that are commonly associated with “impacted anal sacs”? | Licking perineal area, scooting rear on floor |
| List the "five freedoms of animal welfare" | freedom from: hunger & thirst, discomfort, pain/injury or disease, express normal behavior, fear & distress |
| Describe the veterinary technician practice model | Structured process that ensures consistent care is provided and information and status is communicated |
| The first step in the nursing process (VTPM) is gathering data, list five ways to gather patient data | Gather pt info from owner or previous medical records, review medical record for historical information, perform PE, review diagnostics, consult veterinarian and other attending staff |
| The second step (VTPM) is to identify and prioritize technician evaluations. Define technician evaluation: | analyzes database and makes a clinical judgment regarding the physiologic and psychological needs of pt |
| What is the third step (VTPM)? What are some examples? | develop nurse care plan; implementation- warm a pt with low body temp, provide supplemental o2 to a pt with hypoxia |
| Step four (VTPM) is to re-evaluate. Give an example of when an why you would need to re-evaluate. | Monitor body temp of a pt to ensure they are responding to warming methods, adjust temperature of room, water bottles, etc accordingly |
| What does the "S" in SOAP stand for? | subjective |
| What does the "O" in SOAP stand for? | objective |
| What does the "A" in SOAP stand for? | assessment |
| What does the "P" in SOAP stand for? | plan |
| Is the number of geriatric patients encountered in vet practice increasing or decreasing? Why? | Increasing- better resources and care/education - pets are living longer |
| Dogs with arthritis present special challenges for the technician. What are they? Why? | Yes, decreased mobility, increased discomfort- sometimes make nursing and handling more difficult for staff |
| What considerations must be made when handling hearing impaired animals? | Do not startle |
| How should sight impaired animals be handled? Why? | They are not familiar with clinic, can become anxious- important to keep pet safe |
| What does the word "recumbent" mean? | lying down position |
| Why is rotating the recumbent patient important? | Avoid pressure sores, urine and feces scald, decrease chance of pneumonia |
| What term best describes a wound or sore that forms a result of constant pressure? | decubital ulcer |
| What is the best method to prevent decubital ulcers? | Rotate pt often, alternate types of bedding materials |
| List methods used to care for decubital ulcers: | clean, debride, keep dry, avoid pressure, treat with meds as directed by DVM |
| What would the special husbandry needs be of the recumbent patient? | Frequent bedding changes, possibly elevate food and water bowls |
| Define oral medication administration: | is the placement of solid or liquid material in the oral cavity so that specific quantities of material are swallowed |
| List two purposes for oral administration: | administer meds, administer radiographic contrast |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what is the possible trauma indication? | head and neck |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what sort of surgery should be avoided within the past 12-24 hours? | gastric or intestinal |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what surgery done within the past 2-7 days should be avoided (depends on extent of injury)? | esophageal |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what possible obstructions would cause issues? | esophageal and gastrointestinal |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what condition should be avoided? | acute pancreatitis |
| Of the possible oral administration of drug contraindications, what actions of the pet indicate avoiding oral? | dysphagia, regurgitation, and vomiting |
| What is the medical term for difficulty swallowing? | dysphagia |
| What term describes the sudden onset of pancreatic inflammation? | acute pancreatitis |
| What are two possible complications that could occur when orally administering drugs? | aspiration of medication into respiratory tract, inaccurate dosing |
| What are the "5 rights" that must be a part of all drug administration procedures? | right patient, right drug, right route, right time, right dose |
| Why is it important to wash your hands before giving a medication orally? | Avoid oral transfer of infectious disease |
| Why should a capsule or table be lubricated? | easier to swallow |
| What device is commonly used to administer capsules or tablets orally? | pilling device |
| What technique can be used to cause an animal to swallow after administering a tablet or capsule? | Blow in nose or rub throat |
| What is the normal temperature range for a dog? | 100.0-102.2 F |
| What is the normal heart rate for a dog? | 60-160 bpm |
| What is the normal respiration rate for a dog? | 16-32 rpm |
| What is the normal temperature range for a cat? | 100.0-102.2 F |
| What is the normal heart rate for a cat? | 140-220 bpm |
| What is the normal respiration rate for a cat? | 20-42 rpm |
| What directional term refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part? | ventral |
| What directional term refers to the back? | dorsal |
| What directional term means toward the tail? | caudal |
| What directional term means front of the body? | anterior |
| What directional term means toward the head? | cranial |
| What directional term means rear of the body, especially in reference to limbs? | posterior |
| What directional term means nose end of the head? | rostral |
| What directional term means pertaining to the palm; refers to the sole of the forefeet? | palmar |
| What directional term means pertaining to the palm; refers to the sole of the hindfeet? | plantar |
| What directional term means toward midline; closest to median plane? | medial |
| What directional term means away from midline? | lateral |
| What directional term means farthest from midline or end of a structure? | distal |
| What directional term means nearest midline or beginning of a structure? | proximal |
| What directional term means near surface; also called internal? | superficial |
| What directional term means away from the surface; also referred to external? | deep |
| What is the correct way to say that an animal is laying on its chest with its back facing up? | sternal recumbency |
| What is the correct way to say that animal is laying on its back, and its abdomen is facing up? | dorsal recumbency |
| What is the term used for ventral recumbency, where the animal is lying on its abdomen (similar to sternal only referring to belly)? | prone |
| What anatomic term refers to the two nostrils (including the skin and fascia) and the muscles of the upper and lower lip? | muzzle |
| What anatomic term refers to the large joint between the humerus and scapula? | shoulder joint |
| What anatomic term refers to the tarsal joint (term used commonly for this joint)? | hock |
| What anatomic term refers to the forelimb joint formed by distal humerus, proximal radius and proximal ulna? | elbow |
| What anatomic term refers to femoro-tibial and femoro-patellar joint in quadrupeds? | stifle joint |
| What anatomic term refers to the projecting part of the ear lying outside the head? | pinna |
| What anatomic term refers to the fleshy portion of either side of the face; forms the sides of the mouth and continues rostrally to the lips? | cheek |
| What anatomic term refers to the part of the body between the neck and abdomen? | chest |
| What anatomic term refers the side of the body seen between the ribs and ilium? | flank |
| What anatomic term refers to the sacral to tail head region the back? | rump |
| What is another word used for rump? | croup |
| What anatomic term refers to the rudimentary first digit of dogs and cats? | dewclaw |
| Describe the postures that dogs and cats commonly assume when they are experiencing respiratory distress. | Dogs may be hunched over, or have their neck extended gasping for air, cats may have open mouth breathing and/or panting |
| A cat is in the hospital overnight for castration tomorrow. You observe it sneezing repeatedly. Why should you notify the veterinarian immediately? | Upper respiratory diseases are very contagious! |
| Give some common reasons for increased and decreased respiratory rates | Increased: Excitement, fear, pain, stress Decreased: shock |
| You are auscultating a dog's respiratory system? To auscultate all areas, how many locations should you listen at? | Minimum of 5 quadrants (right and left sides) as well as over the trachea |
| When auscultating the lungs of dogs and cats, what differences should you expect to hear or not hear when listening to each? | Dogs-respirations can be heard on both inspiration and expiration, cats easier on inspiration |
| What is cardiac arrhythmia? How would it be detected during the PE? | An abnormal heart rhythm during auscultation |
| If a cardiac arrhythmia is detected during a PE, what test is the veterinarian likely to order to confirm the finding? | An ECG (electrocardiogram) |
| During the PE of a dog, you find it has a "bounding" pulse, describe what you observed. | Character of pulse is much harder than a normal pulse against the fingers |
| You are observing an animal while it is sitting in its cage. You can see its jugular vein pulsating. Is this normal? If not what does this observation indicate? | No the jugular pulse should not be visible possibly right sided heart failure |
| You are examining a dog. The normal color of its mucous membranes should be? Observing the oral MM color gives what information? | Pink, normal perfusion status |
| You observe the MM of several animals. One is of normal color, another is pale, and the 3rd has cyanotic mucous membranes. Describe the color of each and what the color means physiologically | Normal=pink normal perfusion, pale=palor/white decreased perfusion, cyanotic=blueish tint decreased oxygen |
| How is the CRT determined? What information does this test give? | Press finger to mucous membrane and release count amount of time the membrane takes to return to normal color. Perfusion status |
| What is the normal CRT for dogs and cats? | 1-2 seconds |
| You are assessing a cat that was hit by a car. You determine that its MM color is “pale” and it has a CRT greater than 2 seconds. What do these findings suggest is happening physiologically? | Possible shock/decreased perfusion |
| A complete examination of the GI system also includes an examination of: | oral cavity, pharynx, rectum, anus |
| How would you describe the location of the anal sacs? | Approximate 5 and 7 o’clock |
| During normal abdominal palpation of dogs which organ(s) should be palpable? | Spleen, bladder, intestines |
| During normal abdominal palpation in cats which organ(s) should be palpable? | same as dogs but also may be able to palpate the kidneys |
| You are examining an intact 6-year-old female dog. There is a very foul smelling greenish-black discharge coming from the dog’s vagina. Would this be considered normal? What condition might this discharge indicate? | No, possible sign of pyometra (uterine infection) |
| Mrs. J brings new dog Polly for a checkup. Polly was adopted & little is known about her. Mrs. J wants to know if she has been spayed. Dr. directs you to obtain prelim. history & PE. W/ PE, you ascertain if an OVH has been performed. What'd you look for? | Look for possible scar, also dogs and cats may be tattooed with a blue mark |
| How would you determine if Polly had any cystic growths or nodules affecting her mammary gland? | Palpate each mammary gland for abnormal lumps |
| What structure are the testicles located in? How does the location of this structure differ in the male dog and male cat? | testicles are located in the scrotum, male dog they are located more ventrally, male cat they are just below the perineal area |
| You are examining a 7-year old male poodle. He has a very small amount of yellowish discharge at the tip of his prepuce. Is this normal? | Yes especially if he is intact |
| What term describes the structures, conditions, or processes associated with atria, the two upper chambers of heart which receives blood from veins and pushes to ventricle? | Atrial |
| What term describes having two sides? | Bilateral |
| What term describes a particularly slow beating heart? | Bradycardia |
| What term describes of or relating to the heart? | Cardiac |
| What term describes fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid filled lung during inspiration; also called rales or crackles? | Crepitations |
| What term describes refers to failure of one or both testicles (testes) to drop (descend from scrotum)? | Cryptorchid |
| What term describes the covering over the larynx (like a lid)? | Epiglottis |
| What term describes membrane mucosa around teeth (gums)? | Gingival mucosa- |
| What term describes bony portion of roof of mouth that is located toward front of oral cavity? | Hard palate |
| What term describes voice box; part of the respiratory system? | Larynx |
| What term describes type of animal who has only had a signal testicle descend into its scrotum? | Monorchid |
| What term describes formation of a tumor? | Neoplasia |
| What term describes refers to the region between anus and scrotum or vulva in mammals, which includes external genitalia and surrounding structures? | Perineal area |
| What term describes refers to region at back of throat including pharynx and associated structures, where respiratory and digestive pathways intersect? | Pharyngeal area |
| What term describes a cavity in the mouth where respiratory systems and gastrointestinal systems come together? | Pharynx |
| What term describes fold of skin over the top of the penis? | Prepuce |
| What term describes presence of pus in uterus? | Pyometra |
| What term describes low-pitched, continuous, and wheezing breathing sounds that are heard during auscultation? | Rhonchi |
| What term describes an enveloping tubular structure, such as tissue that encloses a muscle or nerve fiber? | Sheath |
| What term describes flexible posterior portion of roof of mouth (palate) that separates oral cavity from nasopharynx? | Soft palate |
| What term describes balanced and even appearance of anatomical structures or body parts on both sides of body? | Symmetry |
| What term describes a medical condition in which patient has an abnormally fast heartbeat? | Tachycardia |
| What term describes a condition of having only one side? | Unilateral |
| What term describes anything related to or associated with veins (blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to heart)? | Venous |
| What term describes structures or conditions related to ventricle of heart, the lower chambers responsible for pumping blood to lungs and body? | Ventricular |
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Hoofin'it