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Cell and Mole E:1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which subatomic particle is displaced when two or more atoms combine make a molecule? | electrons |
| What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons? | covalent bond |
| What determines the number of covalent bonds an atom can create? | The excess or shortage of electrons in its outermost electron shell. |
| Oxygen with 6 electrons in the outer electron shell (that needs 8 to be complete), can make how many covalent bonds? | 2 |
| Which of the following bonds are nonpolar? | O-O |
| In water, hydrogen bonds form between: | Oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
| Why is it that thousands of weak bonds (hydrogen bonds) make such stable and specific structural arrangements? Identify a statement that is NOT TRUE. | Hydrogen bonds are weak individually and do not contribute to an overall equilibrium |
| When sugars combine via a covalent bond usually it happens between a –OH group from one donor sugar molecule with another –OH group from the acceptor sugar. What molecule is released in this type of condensation reaction? | water |
| The reverse of a condensation reaction is called? | hydrolysis |
| Phospholipids form lipid bilayers spontaneously because? | They are amphipathic (polar and non-polar) |
| Which group is NOT present on ALL amino acids? | Hydroxyl group |
| The covalent linkage between two amino acids is a? | Peptide bond |
| What group is found in a nucleotide but not a nucleoside? | phosphate |
| What type of bond links two DNA molecules together in a double helix of DNA? | hydrogen bonds |
| How do proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides polymerize? | by condensation reactions |
| Are there chemical differences between galactose, glucose and mannose? Identify the statement that is NOT TRUE. | they are sugars that have sweet taste |
| What is the alpha carbon in an amino acid? Identify the statement that is NOT TRUE. | it is the carbon that has an alpha hydroxyl group attached |
| Why is it that D-amino acids are toxic? | D-amino acids are toxic because if they are incorporated into a protein they mix-up the hydrogen bonding pattern in alpha helices and beta sheets. |
| Which amino acid groups are involved in making a peptide bond? | the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other. |
| Which group provides an amino acid with its unique chemical properties? | the side chain |
| In a folded protein, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acid side chains tend to be: | folded away from the water interface and hidden inside the protein |
| How is polarity established in a protein? | The amino- and carboxy- group of an amino acid establishes the polarity on the backbone |
| What makes an UNFOLDED PROTEIN to become FOLDED in an AQUEOUS environment? | The amino acid sequence determines the folding of a protein The amino acid side chains interact by forming hydrogen bonds electrostatic and van der waals attractions Back bone interaction also help in folding the three dimensional state |
| Protein structure is dictated by the amino acid sequence. Should a protein, in which the order of all amino acids is reversed have the same structure as the original protein? | No the amino acid sequence is the same but the amino and carboy termini are not |
| What makes alpha helices and beta sheets universal protein folds? | Hydrogen bonds that establish alpha helices and beta sheets happen between atoms that are part of the backbone structures |
| All enzymes | decrease the activation energy of a reaction |
| Hemoglobin requires which small non-protein molecule to capture oxygen | heme |
| Enzymes that add or remove a phosphate group are respectively named? | Kinase and phosphatase |
| Which of the statements about binding and active sites are TRUE? | A binding site recognizes the substrate and the active site catalyzes the reaction |
| Endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases have the same catalytic center but have a variant configuration of the binding site. Identify, which of the following is TRUE? | Because the catalytic site is identical but the binding site different both enzymes can interact with the substrate in different ways thus producing different catalytic products. |
| Two molecules are similar but not identical in structure and affect enzyme activity differently. Identify the statements that are NOT TRUE? | the substrate that has a higher Vmax must have a lower Km. |
| Protein kinases phosphorylate target enzymes and as a result enzymes become activated or inactivated. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE? | the presence of a phosphate group tags the enzyme allowing interactions with other enzymes. |
| Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? | double bonds in the fatty acid tail |
| Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell? | phagocytosis |
| What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis? | It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane. |
| Thinking on the molecules Na+, O2, H2O, K+ and CO2, order them based on their ability to permeate the membrane – from very fast to very slow | O2 and CO2 diffuse fastly and are small hydrophobic molecules. They readily dissolve in lipid bilayer and rapidly diffuse across bilayer. H2O is small and diffuses slower across lipid bilayer due to its polarity. K and Na are the slowest = ions. Their c |
| Phospholipids make a fluid liquid, meaning that molecules move within the membrane structure without the input of energy. Which of the following phospholipid movements require the input of energy? | phospholipid flipping (movement from one layer to another). |
| What configures a transmembrane domain? | a stretch of amino acids intercalated by non-polar and polar amino acids where all non-polar amino acids face the membrane and polar amino acids produce a hydrophilic lumen. |
| Which of the following is all ACTIVE transport | ATP and light driven pumps as well as coupled transport. |
| What is the difference between a MICELLE and a LIPOSOME. Identify ALL TRUE statements | Micelles powerful bullets that form in pasta Micelles are 1 layered lipids no phospholipids that form spontaneously in an aqueous environment Phospholipids are powerful drug delivery systems Liposomes are 2 layered membranes with phospholipids which sepa |
| In a typical eukaryotic cell how much of the intracellular aqueous space is roughly confined to compartments | 50% |
| Which organelle accepts proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and redistributes them to other destinations of the cell? | golgi apparatus |
| Proteins that lack a sorting signal peptide are retained in the? | Cytosol |
| if a signal sequence is removed by genetic engineering from an ER protein: | the protein is retained in the cytosol |
| Translation of proteins that initiate in the cytosol but are destined for other organelles must first associate with the: | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Cells ingest large particles (e.g., an invader bacterium) by: | phagocytosis |
| Even though peroxisomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria import proteins via a translocon complex they do it differently. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about protein import into specialized organelles? | peroxisome importer proteins (POC/PIC) denature cargo proteins while importing proteins across a double layer membrane structure |
| Even though peroxisomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria import proteins via a translocon complex they do it differently. Which of the following is TRUE about protein import into specialized organelles? | mitochondria if a protein has 1 or more transmembrane domains it is not released in the mitochondrial matrix space but rather diverted to the mitochondrial inner membrane chloroplast targeted proteins sometimes have 2 signal peptides 1 to deposit the p |
| The energy released by oxidizing glucose is saved in the high-energy bonds of: | ATP and other activated carrier molecules. |
| Sugars (glucose) ingested from food are broken down by: | glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. |
| Which of the following describes a breakdown process in which enzymes degrade complex molecules into simpler ones? | Catabolism and exergonic reactions |
| Which of the following generates the largest amount of ATP? | oxidative phosphorylation. |
| In oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following accepts the electron? | oxygen |
| Which of the statements are TRUE about oxidative phosphorylation? | Electrons start at very low redox potentials that increases at each transfer step. Electrons start out at very high free energy and lose energy at each transfer step. |
| The movement of electrons in oxidative phosphorylation: | pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
| Which of the following is NOT required for glycolysis to occur? | oxygen |
| Photosynthesis enables plants to capture energy from sunlight to produce: | sugars |
| Light reactions in photosynthesis are equivalent in reverse to? | oxidative phosphorylation. |
| In photosynthesis, what drives generation of ATP by ATP-synthase? | a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. |
| When an electron is removed from the reaction center of photosystem II, how is the lost electron replaced? | with an electron from water splitting. |
| What delivers the energy to capture carbon dioxide into sugars (carbon fixation) in chloroplasts? | ATP and NADPH generated in the photosynthesis light reactions. |
| Anabolic and catabolic pathways are opposing but complementary in which ways? | catabolic pathways produce energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) and anabolic pathways consume them. catabolic pathways degrade energy molecules and anabolic pathways build new molecules. |
| Gluconeogenesis refers to? | synthesis of glucose from small organic molecules such as pyruvate. |
| In many ways gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolysis. Which of the following IS NOT TRUE? | gluconeogenesis produces pyruvate and glycolysis makes glucose |
| Under which conditions is gluconeogenesis active? | gluconeogenesis is active when cells starve (deprived of carbon source) begins to reverse their anabolic pathways degrading amino acids fatty acids nucleic acids and other macromolecules supplying the breakdown products to resynthesize glucose |
| Why is it important to manage glucose availability | glucose can be converted into almost any other precursor molecule within the cell. glucose is the preferred oxidation molecule and the key ATP generator by all cells. because glucose has great oxidation potential and is responsible for ATP production |
| Which of the following are true energy carriers in cells? | ATP/GTP and NADH and NADPH and FADH2. |
| in anabolism which of the following are precursor molecules used to synthesize amino acids. | oxaloacetate pyruvate 3-phosphoglycerate alfa-ketoglutarate and phosphoenolpyruvate/erythrose -4P. |
| In amino acid biosynthesis where does the nitrogen come from? | glutamate and glutamine |
Created by:
coswhitney