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psych chap 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biological psychology | scientific study of the reciprocal connections between the structure and the activity of the nervous system, behavior, and mental processes |
| contemporary methods | recording and imaging brain activity, clinical obeservations |
| histology | microscopic examination of tissue in the nervous system |
| skin conductance response | measure of electricity passed between two surface electrodes placed on the skin of the hand or finger |
| electroence phalogram (EEG) | measure of the brain's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp |
| event-related potential (ERP) | measurement formed by averaging EEG response to a stimulus, such as light or tone |
| single cell recording | measurement of a single neuron's activity obtained through a surgically implanted electrode |
| magnetoencephalography | recording of the tiny amounts of magnetic output of the brain |
| position emission tomography (PET) | measurement that uses the accumulation of radioactivity tagged glucose or oxygen to identify activity levels in parts of the brain |
| spinal cord | long cylinder of the neural tissue extending from the medulla of the brain down to the middle of the back |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerves exiting the CNS that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body |
| Central Nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| brainstem | part of the brain containing the midbrain, pons, and medulla |
| medulla | brainstem structure that lies just above the spinal cord |
| pons | part of the brainstem located between the medulla and the midbrain |
| cerebellum | structure attached to the brainstem that participates in skilled movement and, in humans, complex cognitive processing |
| midbrain | part of the brainstem that lies between the pons and cerebral hemispheres |
| reticular formation | collection of structures located along the midline of the brainstem that participates in mood, arousal, and sleep |
| subcortical | participates in self-awareness, learning, emotion, movement, communication, inhibition of impulses, and regulation of body states |
| thalamus | subcortical structure involved with the processing of sensory information, states of arousal, and learning and memory |
| basal ganglia | collection of subcortical structures that participate in reward and the control of movement |
| hypothalamus | subcortical structure that participates in the regulation of thirst, temperature, hunger, sexual behavior, and aggression |
| hippocampus | subcortical structure that participates in memory and stress |
| cingulate cortex | subcortical structure above the corpus callosum. anterior: decision making, posterior: memory and visual processing |
| amygdala | subcortical structure located in the temporal lobe, believed to participate in emotional processing |
| nucleus accubens | subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction |
| corpus callosum | wide band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
| frontal lobe | most forward of the cerebral cortex, responsible for the most complex cognitive processes |
| parietal lobe | lobe of the cerebral cortex that sits on top of the brain, between the frontal and occipital lobes, primary somatosensory cortex |
| occipital lobe | lobe of the cerebral cortex located at the back of the brain, primary visual cortex |
| temporal lobe | lobe of the cerebral cortex that curves around the side of each hemisphere, primary auditory cortex |
| prefrontal cortex | most forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex |
| orbitofrontal cortex | part of the prefrontal cortex located right behind the eyes, impulse control |
| somatic nervous system | part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and transmits commands to the muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of glands, organs, and smooth muscles |
| sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates energy to the glands, organs, and smooth muscles |
| parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system associated with rest, repair, and energy storage |
| enteric nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerve cells embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system |
| endocrine system | system responsible for the release of hormones into the bloodstream |
| neurons | cell of the nervous system that is specialized to send and receive neural messages |
| glia | nervous system cell that performs support functions: forma blood, brain barrier, and myelin |
| cell body | large, central mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus |
| axons | branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons |
| dendrites | branch of a neuron usually receives input from other neurons |
| myelin | insulating material covering some axons |
| action potential | electrical signal arising in a neuron's axon |
| resting potential | measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information |
| synapse | point of communication between two neurons |
| neurotransmitters | carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next target cell |
| receptor | channel in the membrane neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons |
| reuptake | process in which molecules of neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal from which they were released |
| cerebral cortex | thin layer of neurons covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
| Resting potential | -70 mv |
| hyperpolarized | further away from zero |
| depolarized | closer to zero |
| action potential | environmental energy impinges on the receptors |
| Permeability of the membrane changes, Na+ flows into the fiber, K+ flows out of the fiber | if the action potential is enough.... |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that instructs muscles to contract |
| Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter that is released in the brain and leads to arousal and vigilance/fight or flight |
| Dopamine | neurotransmitter that supports anticipation or rewards, motor controls, and controlled cognition |
| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter used in the brain that regulates sleep cycles, mood, memory, and learning |
| gray matter | neuron cell body |
| white matter | fat/insulation |
Created by:
Grace.Jensen