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Chemistry
Chemical Changes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Electrolytes? | When an ionic substance is melted or dissolved, the ions are free to move about within the liquid or solution. This is called an electrolyte |
| What is Electrolysis | process in which electrical energy, from a direct current supply decomposes electrolytes |
| Explain the movement of ions during Electrolysis | positively charged cations migrate to the negatively charged cathode, and negatively charged anions migrate to the positively charged anode |
| Explain the formation of the products in electrolysis | USE YOUTUBE |
| Electrolysis of Copper chloride solution | Cu+ ions go to cathode, Cu (s) is produced -> Cl- ions go to anode, Cl2 (g) is produced |
| Electrolysis of Sodium chloride solution | H+ ions go to cathode, H2(g) is produced ->Cl- ions go to anode, Cl2(g) is produced |
| Electrolysis of Water acidified with sulfuric acid | H+ ions go to cathode, H2(g) is produced -> OH- ions go to anode, O2(g) is produced |
| Electrolysis of Molten lead bromide | Pb2+ to cathode, Pb (s) is produced -> Br- to anode, Br2 (l) is produced |
| Electrolysis of Sodium sulfate solution | H+ions go to cathode, H2(g) is produced ->OH- ions go to anode, O2(g) is produced |
| Predict the products of electrolysis | 1. identify which ions there are within the ionic compound 2. the + ions will go to the cathode /the - ions will go to the anode |
| Explain REDOX in terms of electrons | Oxidation is loss, Reduction is gain |
| Where does reduction and oxidation happen in Electrolysis | reduction occurs at the cathode and that oxidation occurs at the anode |
| Electrolysis of Copper experiment | YOUTUBE |
| Core practical: Investigate the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution with inert electrodes and copper electrodes | YOUTUBE |
| What do Acids produce in AQ | Acids produce H+ ions in aqueous solutions |
| What do Alkalis produce in AQ | Alkalis produce OH- ions in aqueous solutions |
| Phenolphthalein | Alkaline = pink, Acidic = colourless |
| Methyl orange | Alkaline = yellow , Acidic = red |
| Litmus solution | Alkaline = blue, Acidic = red |
| Litmus paper | Blue litmus paper goes red in acidic & stays blue in alkaline, Red litmus paper goes blue in alkaline & stays red in acidic |
| How do you lower PH | increase the volume of H+ ions |
| How do you increase PH | increase the volume of OH- ions |
| differences in PH concentration | factor of 10(PH 2 = 1dm3, PH 1 = 10dm3) |
| 6 Core Practical: Investigate the change in pH on adding powdered calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide to a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid | YOUTUBE |
| Concentrated | larger amount of substance in a given volume of a solution |
| Diluted | lesser amount of substance in a given volume of a solution |
| Substance Disassociation in (aq) | Strong acid = fully dissociates in aqueous solution, Weak acid = partially dissociates in aqueous solution |
| acid + base --> | salt + water |
| acid + metal → | salt + hydrogen gas (H2) |
| acid + metal oxide → | salt + water |
| acid + metal hydroxide → | salt + water |
| acid + metal carbonate → | salt + water + carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| Test for Hydrogen | Squeaky pop test |
| Test for Carbon Dioxide | Limewater test |
| Neutralisation | acid + base/ H+ + OH- --> H2O |
| How to extract Salt from Acid + insoluble reactant reaction | Add excess reactant, remove reactant(filter), evaporate solution |
| how to remove soluble salt from acid + soluble reactant | titration |
| 7 Core practical: Investigate the preparation of pure, dry hydrated copper sulfate crystals starting from copper oxide including the use of a water bath | YOUTUBE |
| Describe how to carry out an acid-alkali titration, using burette, pipette and a suitable indicator, to prepare a pure, dry salt | YOUTUBE |
| Soluble Salts(Special) | Carbonates ->Sodium, potassium, ammonium Hydroxides ->Sodium, potassium, ammonium |
| insoluble salts(Special) | Chloride -> Silver, Lead Sulfates ->Lead, barium calcium |
| Sodium, potassium, ammonium salts are all....? | SOLUBLE |
| Nitrates are all...? | SOLUBLE |
| Describe the method used to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt | YOUTUBE |
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AFRICANUNGABUNGA
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