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Psych 204
Final exam
| Acrophobia | fear of flying, heights |
| Agoraphobia | fear of places where escape or rescue might be difficult in the event of a panic attack or other incapacitating symptoms |
| Antisocial personality disorder | lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior with impulsive, reckless acts ex; law-breaking, violence, |
| Bipolar disorder | experiencing alternating episodes of depression and mania |
| Borderline personality disorder | extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions, often resulting in intense but unstable relationships, self-mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment |
| Claustrophobia | being trapped in enclosed spaces |
| Dissociative identity disorder | Controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. |
| Major depression | The sudden feeling of sadness, and hopeless for several months, with no motivation and no way to feel better. |
| Mental disorder | a disturbance in thinking, emotion, or behavior that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs a person’s ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | After experiencing a traumatic event, you continue to experience frequent vivid thought and images of the event after several months. |
| Psychopath | Fearless, unconcerned about being caught and punished for the misdeeds |
| Obsessive- compulsive disorder | recurrent unwanted thoughts or images and repetitive, ritualized behavior or mental acts that a person feels unable to control |
| Projective tests | Psychological tests used to infer motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of a person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli |
| Schizophrenia | psychotic disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior, negative symptoms |
| Insanity | awareness of the consequences of our actions and ability to control those actions. A person can be mentally ill, but not insane. |
| A __________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if a given participant is in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. | Double-blind study |
| In a(n) _______________ study, a researcher carefully and systematically watches and records behavior, taking care to avoid affecting the subjects being studied. | Observational |
| Rob and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake. unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later, Rob could not remember running down the hill that day. this is an example of | Repression |
| Dr. Lyons studies the impact of societal norms and values on human decision-making behavior. It is most likely that she endorses which of the following psychological approaches? | Sociocultural |
| A _______________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. | correlation |
| Hugo’s psychologist asks him to take a personality test. The test consists of a series of standardized multiple-choice items. The test also includes a section where Hugo is asked to rate himself on a series of scales. It is most likely that this is a(n) | objective test |
| ___ occurs when people refuse to admit to an event, feeling, or memory that causes them anxiety or distress. | Denial |
| ____ occurs when people direct their emotions toward objects, animals, or people that are not the real object of their emotion. | Displacement |
| __ is love and support given to another person with no conditions attached. | Unconditional positive regard |
| A study in which participants are unaware of the hypothesis being studied, and are unaware of their assignment to the experimental or control condition, is known as a __________ study. | single-blind |
| ___ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy. | Extroversion Versus introversion |
| According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are | The qualities of the self-actualized person |
| Which modern psychological perspective is behaviorism a part of? | learning |
| ______ cultures are those in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and a person’s goals are prized above duty to the group. | Individualist |
| A controlled test of a hypothesis, in which the researcher manipulates one variable in order to discover its effect on another variable, is called a(n) ______ | experiment |
| The __________ is an approach to psychology that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and other areas of behavior. | cognitive perspective |
| Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and values are called | psychological tests |
| __ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are anxious and impulsive | Neuroticism versus emotional ability |
| Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population that the researchers are interested in. This type of a group is called a _____________ sample. | Representative |
| ___ founded the field of psychoanalysis. | Sigmund freud |
| Members of collectivist cultures | value duty, obligation, and security |
| Members of individualist cultures | give priority to personal goals |
| ______ is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual | Personality |
| Critical thinking involves | using evidence to make objective judgments. |
| When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something | in the environment |
| Solomon Asch set up an experiment in which eight people were shown a 10-inch line, and they had to choose the line (from a group of three) that matched the original line in length. Through this experiment, Asch was studying | conformity |
| Many axons, especially the larger ones, are insulated by a surrounding layer of fatty material called the _____ | myelin sheath |
| Which set of circumstances is a symptom of groupthink? | self-censorship |
| Which neurotransmitter affects neurons involved in muscle action, arousal, vigilance, memory, and emotion? | acetylcholine |
| Neuroscientists have found that __________ can kill the new neurons that have been produced through neurogenesis. | nicotine |
| According to the just-world hypothesis, people tend to believe that | bad people are punished and good people are rewarded. |
| The nervous system is divided into two main parts | the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
| When close-knit group members experience groupthink, it means that | they tend to think alike and to suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony. |
| Which part of the neuron contains the biochemical machinery for keeping the neuron alive? | the cell body |
| The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on identification with a national, religious, ethnic, occupational, or other social affiliation is called __ | social identity |
| The part of neurons that receive messages from nerve cells and look like the branches of a tree are called | dendrites |
| Reggie enters an elevator and stands in it, facing the back instead of turning around to face the elevator door. Reggie is violating ____ | a norm |
| Reflexes below the neck, such as yanking a hand back from a scalding stream of water, are controlled by the ____ | spinal cord |
| Which neurotransmitter affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and mood? | serotonin |
| A brief change in the electrical voltage that occurs in response to stimulation that travels down an axon is called | an action potential |
| Critics of the Stanford prison study argue that | briefing the guards at the beginning of the study influenced their behavior, and the study merely showed how willingly people obey orders. |
| When Linda first moved to Texas, she really didn’t like country music. However, after being exposed to it for a while, her attitude began to change. This is an example of the | familiarity effect |
| A neuron is also called a | nerve cell |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, pleasure and reward, and possible responses to novelty? | dopamine |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrates how a person’s __________ affect(s) behavior. | role |
| A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities is called a(n) | attitude |
| Which entity is a chemical messenger | neurotransmitters |
| ____ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person’s behavior. | The fundamental attribution error |
| The somatic nervous system is sometimes also called the ____ | Skeletal nervous system |
| _ is the study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system. | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| The day after the local mayoral election, Julie says that she knew all along who the winner would be. Although it is possible that she had some special insight into the election, it is more likely that Julie is ____ | exhibiting hindsight bias |
| The “HPA” axis is an abbreviation for | hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex |
| Gino is a Socialist Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the Socialist Party but doesn’t pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Gino is exhibiting __ | confirmation bias |
| Patients recovering from heart attacks, which had an external locus of control, when compared to patients with an internal locus of control: | were more likely to resume unhealthy habits |
| A person is in the _______________ of the general adaptation syndrome when vulnerability to physical problems increases, and illnesses, such as chronic hypertension, develop. | exhaustion phase |
| After their home in San Francisco is damaged during an earthquake, a couple researches the federal loan program to help them rebuild their house. Their behavior is an example of _____ | problem-focused coping |
| Tacit knowledge refers to | strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but instead must be inferred. |
| __ is a system of beliefs about the way the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings. | Theory of mind |
| A person is in the ________ of the general adaptation syndrome when the muscles tense, blood pressure rises, and digestion shuts down. | Alarm phase |
| Display rules involve | social or cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion. |
| A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a(n) | concept |
| The HPA axis is a system activated to | energize the body to respond to stressors |
| The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called | facial feedback |
| A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world. | cognitive schema |
| __ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems. | A mental set |
| __ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments. | Cognitive ethology |
| Expressing an emotion that the person does not really feel, in order to fulfill a role requirement, is called __ | emotion work |
| The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat. | amygdala |
| A central element in human cognition is ___________, the ability to combine elements that are meaningless into numerous utterances that express meaning. | language |
| The ________ is the tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains. | framing effect |
| _ is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that elevates blood sugar and protects the body’s tissues in case of injury. | Cortisol |
| The ________ involves consulting one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively. | affect heuristic |
| Stanislav is making his famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, he knows that a handful is “usually about right.” This illustrates the use of a(n) __ | Heuristic |
| A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary. | Subconscious |
| a terrible fear of dogs, causes problems in life. your therapist is having you look at pictures of dogs while you try to remain relaxed. Your next step will be to interact with dogs and learn to remain relaxed. this is | systematic desensitization |
| Which view is consistent with the family-systems perspective? | A person’s behavior in a family is tied to the behavior of all the other family members. |
| Many people respond positively to a new drug just because of the enthusiasm surrounding it and their own expectations that the drug will make them feel better. This phenomenon is an example of the __ | Placebo effect |
| __ is more effective than any other treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. | Exposure therapy |
| Milo has been feeling down for the last month. He cannot trace back to what may have caused this feeling. Feeling sad and hopeless, he cannot seem to eat or sleep as he normally does. Which diagnosis currently seems to best fit Milo’s symptoms? | Major depression |
| In addition to depression, antidepressant drugs are also used in the treatment of | Anxiety |
| __ disorder is characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as law-breaking, violence, and other impulsive, reckless acts. | Antisocial personality |
| Electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are primarily used to treat ___ | Severe depression |
| Which assessment tool is a leading objective test of major depression? | Beck depression inventory |
| A form of therapy that applies principles of classical and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviors is called __________ therapy. | behavior |
| __ is a controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits. | Dissociative identity disorder |
| Antipsychotics have been shown to be ineffective for the treatment of | aggressive outbursts |
| What is the primary basis of cognitive therapy? | illogical or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs directly contribute to psychological problems |
| A mental disorder can correctly be defined as ____ | a disturbance in thinking, emotion, or behavior that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs a person’s ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others |
| Which of the following statements is true about drug addiction? | The environment in which the drug is being used influences its physiological effects. |
| The two dominant approaches to understanding addictive disorders are _____ | the biological model and the learning model. |
| treatments likely to be used today? | drug therapy, ECT, Behavior therapy |
| After surviving a commuter train derailment, Justin experienced frequent, vivid thoughts and images of the accident for several months. He also had problems sleeping and was irritable and withdrawn. Justin is suffering from | posttraumatic stress disorder. |
| Ricardo suffers from schizophrenia. He often mixes up words and ends up talking about things that make no sense. Which symptom of schizophrenia is Ricardo exhibiting? | Disorganized, incoherent speech |
| Which statement is characteristic of psychopaths? | Psychopaths are fearless, unconcerned about being caught and punished for their misdeeds. |
| Carol experiences a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. According to the DSM, this disorder is called | generalized anxiety disorder |
| One potential side effect of antipsychotic drugs is __ | Extreme weight gain |
| Heinrich is enjoying his night. He suddenly feels his chest tighten, his heart racing, and a feeling of terror. As his friends leave their chairs to help him they see he is bathed in sweat and taking short, shallow breaths. What is Heinrich experiencing? | Panic attack |
| Psychological tests used to infer motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of a person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are called | Projective tests |
| _ are highly successful in helping people quit smoking, or overcome other addictions. | Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy |
Created by:
Osiris8