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Organic nomenclature
Guide to AQA A-level nomenclature, different functional groups, and properties
| Homologous series | Nomenclature rules |
|---|---|
| Alcohol | OH group bound to hydrocarbon chain. Name of parent carbon chain followed by position of OH group; if this is a priority group then it will have the suffix -ol or else the prefix -hydroxy |
| Haloalkane | Halogen bound to hydrocarbon chain. Position and number of halogen followed by the name of halogen with suffix -ine replaced with -o and then followed by the parent carbon chain |
| Aldehyde | Terminal carbon double bonded to oxygen and a hydrogen. Name of parent carbon chain followed by suffix -al or else prefix -oxo |
| Ketone | Non-terminal carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Name of parent chain followed by position and suffix -one or else prefix -keto |
| Carboxylic acid | Terminal carbon double bonded to oxygen and an OH group. Name of parent chain followed by suffix -oic acid. Is ALWAYS highest priority |
| Ester | Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen which is bonded to a second carbon chain. Name of alcohol used to make it followed by the suffix -ic then the name of the carboxylic acid used to make it followed by the suffix -oate |
| Primary amine | NH2 group bound to hydrocarbon chain. Identify longest carbon chain connected to the nitrogen, add the position and then the suffix -amine or else the prefix -amino |
| Secondary amine | NHR’ group bound to the hydrocarbon chain. Same rules as primary amine except with the prefix -N- followed by name of alkyl group |
| Tertiary amine | NR1R2 group bound to the hydrocarbon chain. Same rules as primary and secondary except with another -N- prefix. If two or all alkyl groups are the same, the -N- is followed with a -di or -tri prefix |
| Acyl (acid) chloride | Carboxylic acid derivative with the chlorine replacing the OH group. Name of acid except replacing suffix -oic acid with -yl chloride. As with all carboxylic acids, it’s always highest priority |
| Acid anhydride | When 2 carboxylic acids form an ester bond through a condensation reaction. For symmetrical anhydrides (both the same acid) replace suffix -acid with -anhydride. For asymmetrical anhydrides put the names of both acids in alphabetical order |
| Nitrile | C=-N group bound to the hydrocarbon chain. Name of carbon chain (including the carbon from the nitrile group) followed by suffix -nitrile or else prefix -cyano |
| Amide | Carboxylic acid derivatives with an amine group replacing the OH group. Same rules for primary, secondary, and tertiary as amines with the suffix -oic acid replaced with -amine. Since it is an acid derivative, it will always be highest priority |
| Ether | 2 R groups bonded side by side by an oxygen atom. It doesn’t normally have a characteristic IUPAC suffix, but its longest substituent is given highest priority and the second treated as a side chain |
| Uses: nitriles | Rubber, protective gloves, hoses, seals, antipsychotics, antidepressants, cancer treatments, antidiabetics |
| Uses: amines | Dyes, nylon, anaesthetics, cosmetics, gas treatment of combustion gasses, amino acids |
| Uses: esters | Food flavourings, perfumes, solvents, polymers such as fats and oils |
| Uses: amides | Analgesics, anaesthetics, fertilisers, nylon, proteins |
| Uses: acyl chlorides | Used to synthesise acids, amides, esters |
| Uses: acid anhydrides | In the manufacture of medicine, to synthesise esters, acids, the manufacture of perfumes, explosives, paints |
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