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Digestive System
Chapter 24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ingestion | the taking of food into the mouth |
| mastication | chewing food which pulverizes it and mixes it with saliva |
| deglunation | swallowing; moving food from the mouth to the pharynx and into the esophagus |
| digestion | the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to prepare it for absorption |
| absorption | the passage of food molecules through the mucous membrane of the small intestine and into the blood and lymph for distribution to the cells |
| peristalsis | the rhythmic wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles of the intestines that move food through the GI tract |
| defecation | the discharge of indigestible wastes (feces) from the GI tract |
| oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines | organs of the digestive system |
| 30 ft (9m) | length of the GI tract |
| oral cavity | ingests food; receives saliva; grinds food and mixes it with saliva (mastication); initiates digestion of carbohydrates; forms and swallows bolus (deglutition) |
| pharynx | receives bolus from oral cavity; autonomically continues deglutition of bolus to esophagus |
| esophagus | transports bolus to stomach by peristalis; lower sphincter restricts backflow of food |
| stomach | receives bolus from esophagus; churns bolus w/ gastric juice; initiates digestion of proteins; limited absorption; moves chyme into duodenum and prohibits backflow of chyme; regurgitates when necessary; hunger pangs |
| small intestine | receives chyme from stomach and secretions from liver and pancreas; chemically and mechanically breaks down chyme; absorbs nutrients; transports wastes through peristalsis to large intestine; prohibits backflow of intestinal wastes from large intestine |
| large intestine | receives undigested wastes from small intesin; absorbs water and electrolytes; forms, stores, and expels feces when activated by a defecation reflex |
| serous membrane | covers organs and lines abdominal cavity; secretes lubricating fluid |
| parietal membrane | lines wall of cavities |
| visceral membrane | covers internal organs |
| parietal peritoneum | lines wall of abdominal cavity |
| mesentery | double layered peritoneal fold; supports GI tract and allows small intestine freedom for peristaltic contractions; provides structure for the passage of blood vessels and nerves |
| peritoneal cavity | space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum |
| retroperitoneal | organs lying posterior to the peritoneal cavity (pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, duodenum, colon, abdominal aorta) |
| peritonitis | inflammation of peritoneum caused by infection; due to trauma, rupture of organ, an ectopic pregnancy, or post operative infection; treated by antibiotics and drainage of excess fluid |
| falciform ligament | attaches diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall to liver |
| greater omentum | extends from stomach to the transverse colon forming an apron-like covering over most of the small intestine; stores fat, cushions visceral organs, supports lymph nodes, and protects against infection (can compartamentalize infection) |
| lesser omentum | passes from the lesser curve of the stomach and the upper duodenum to the inferior surface of the liver |
| mucosa | innermost layer of GI tract; absorptive and secretory in function; contains lymph nodes/ goblet cells (secretes mucous); thin layer of smooth muscle |
| submucosa | second layer of GI tract; thicker than mucosa; vascular and nerve-containing; absorbed molecules pass to enter blood or lymph vessels; contain glands and a nerve (Meissner's) plexus which provides innervation to the muscle layer in the mucosa |
| Tunica muscularis | smooth muscle (3rd layer) of GI tract; responsible for peristalsis; inner circle & outer longitudinal layer; contraction= movement of food and churns food with enzymes; large nerve (Aurebach's) plexis located btwn 2 muscles; para/sympathetic innervation |
| serosa | outermost layer of GI tract; binding and protective in function |
| function of digestive system | digest and absorb food (body cells require nutrients for enzyme synthesis, cell division, growth/repair, and heat) |
| teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas | accessory organs |
| bolus | soft mass of chewed food (deglutition) |
| chyme | mixture of partly digested food and secretions |
| abdominal cavity (covered by serous membrane) | where most digestive organs are located in |
| mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis, serosa | tunics of GI tract |
Created by:
chloew101