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Grammar Tips
Tutoring Resource for Writers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Period ( . ) | End of a sentence; full stop with abbreviations |
| Comma ( , ) | Breaking up a sentence into different parts |
| Semicolon ( ; ) | Replaces a period to combine two sentences that are closely related; also used to separate lists of things; Ex: I don't have a dog; I have a cat. |
| Colon ( : ) | Used to begin lists or even a single item; also used before direct speeches or quotations, or to introduce explanations; Ex: There are two genders: pain and suffering; I have one pet: a cat; René Descartes once said: "I think therefore I am." |
| Hyphen ( - ) | Does not have fixed rules, just guidelines: to combine words that are related in some way; Ex: book-case; use hyphens to create compound modifiers before nouns; Ex: 4-year-old girl; certain prefixes include hyphens, such as ex-, self-, all-, etc. |
| Dash ( -- ) | Used for pauses or breaks within a sentence; Ex: My friends -- Alisa and Eliza -- are very good friends; also used in place of a colon when introducing a list; used to represent an afterthought; Ex: You're supposed to be my friend -- my best friend. |
| Double Quotation Marks ( " ) | Included around titles/names of books, films, ships, etc. (though sometimes they are italicized instead); put around words considered as slang; also used around direct quotes, dialogue, or anything you are quoting from a different source; |
| Round Brackets or Parenthesis ( ) | Used to contain extra information that's separate from the main point; to explain or clarify information, or clarify abbreviations; add a personal comment to the text |
| Square Brackets [ ] | Used for clarification of the person; Ex: My father [the mayor] picked me up from school today.; to add information or missing words; also used to edit a direct quote |
| Ellipsis ( ... ) | Used to supplement missing words; to represent a pause in speech or text; Ex: There's...no good way to say this. |