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Parker-comp3
IP&E
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What individual laid the foundation to principles of radiographic exposure technique? | Ed Jerman |
| Failure to consult the technique chart can result in: | High repeat rates |
| T/F: Every x-ray unit should have its own technique chart. | True |
| What are the advantages concerning advantages of the fixed kilovoltage system? | 1. Decrease time settings 2. Decrease pt motion 3. Increase consistency of image density & contrast 4. Decreases pt dose 5. Uniformed radiographic contrast 6. Lengthened exposure latitude |
| Which system was the 1st methodical approach to techniques? | Variable Kilovoltage system |
| Which system was the 1st to quantify primary radiographic values? | XVS system |
| Which system is resolution & fine detail increased? | Variable Kilovoltage System |
| _______ determines technical factors for chest based on hight & weight. | Body Habitus System |
| Calipers are used to measure part thickness at: | The thickest part |
| ________ uses ratios to create technique charts for the entire body. | Proportional System |
| AEC systems eliminate the need for selecting: | mAs |
| When establishing a technique chart, preference should be made with a part size in the: | Middle range |
| When using a phantom to determine optimal quality images, radiographs above & below the average lvl should be made & ______ should remain the same. | density |
| When selecting optimal phantom images, professionals should select the ______ of the films outside the acceptable limits in their process of elimination. | worst |
| When extrapolating a technique chart, a series of clinical trails should use the ____ rule, along w/guides for part thickness. | 15% |
| Who developed exposure techniques into a scientific system? | Arthur Fuchs |
| Which system allows you to calculate entrance skin exposure? | Bit System |
| A technique chart makes ____ a constant eliminates the effects of variable on the exposure system. | kVp |
| One of the disadvantages of fixed kilovoltage systems is: | Lower contrast & more scattered radiation |
| To conduct initial phantom images, you will need an abdomen or ________ phantom. | pelvis |
| Insufficient penetration of kVp in the area of interest will limit diagnosis, especially in which type of study? | Contrast media studies |
| When making the initial phantom images, it is preferred that images be exposed using: | Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) |
| It was discussed that kVp has an effect on many factors. Name 3. | 1. Production of scatter radiation 2. Type of interaction 3. Average Photon Energy |
| The ______ is the maximum kVp lvl that will produce images with appropriate contrast that are consistently w/in acceptance limits. | optimal kVp |
| The objective of optimal kVp is to determine the highest ____ & the lowest _____ that is w/in acceptance limits, not the best image. | kVp, contrast |
| When extrpolating a technique chart, mAs values should be set at ______ increments. Anything less would be insignificant. | 30% |
| Most systems have been found to operate in the range of doubling or halving the mAs for every ____ of subject thickness. | 5 cm |
| _______ is to arrive at a conjectural knowledge of an unknown area. | Extrapolate |
| The goal of any radiographic exposure system is to provide: | Consistency in quality images |
| Phantom testing should be employed when the part size is ______ or the kVp is outside of the median diagnostic range of 60-80 kVp. | less than 10 cm |
| What will adjust & finally validate the entire technique chart? | clinical fine-tuning |
| In a fixed kilovoltage system, what is varied? | mAs |
| One of the advantages of fixed kilovoltage systems is to ____ exposure latitude. | lengthen |
| What is commonly used to computerized exposure control system that stores data in a memory bank? | Anatomically Programmed Radiography |
| The device used to measure a part thickness is called a ______. | Caliper |
| Concerning fixed kilovoltage systems, small incremental changes in exposure for variations in body part thickness ______ be possible. | may not |
| T/F: When conducting phantom testing, all images, regardless of quality should be recorded & kept. | True |
| Once a series of phantom test images has been produced, it must be should to all: | radiologists |
| What is the most critical element concerning automatic exposure control? | exact positioning |
| Poor positioning while using AEC may result in: | Increased repeat rates |
| If you were to collimate too tightly around an actived chamber, what would occur? | You would ge a darker image |
| The higher the kVp, the lower the pt dose. Is this an advantage or disadvantage? | advantage |
| When signals from the cells are sent to an amplifier which sums the voltage received from each cell & divides by the # of cells that have activated, this is known as: | averaging |
| Concerning automatic exposure control (AEC), changes should be made in density +1 or -2, etc. controls only when: | cells can't adapt to positioning |
| Which technique will always provide a precisely repeatable exposure? | Manual technique |
| The single function of an AEC is to eleminate the need for the radiographer to set: | exposure time |
| Another name that is refers to automatic exposure control is: | phototiming |
| Automatic exposure devises provide a diagnostic quality density only for structures positioned directly ________ the ionization chambers. | above |
| The art of using AEC is the art of: | positioning |
| Which of following statements is true concerning the plastic inserts for collimators? | Insert are only accurate for certain SID. |
| One difference from non-AEC charts vs. AEC charts is that: | Cell locations are given |
| Select the correct answer. The suggested technique is 64 kVp for 14 cm & the part measures 20 cm. What is the new technique to maintain density by utilizing the variable kVp theory? | 76 kVp @ 20 cm |
| When you are extrapolating a technique chart, the mAs value should be set at ____ % increments. | 30 |
| Which exposure factor becomes constant in a variable kilovoltage system? | mAs |
| When projection inserts are not available, the radiographer can determine the size, location, & shape of the AEC chambers by producting a radiograph w/out a body part exposed at a: | very low kVp for maximum contrast |
| The density controls w/in the AEC system should not be used to compensate for pt part thickness or ___________ changes. | kVp |
| Concerning AEC, fluid in the lungs causes: | an increase subject density & contrast |
| Collimating tightly near the ionization chamber may result in a: | Long exposure w/dark radiograph |
| The thicker the body part, the ________ the value of kilovoltage assigned. | higher |
| The minimum response time (MRT) to respond to the ionization & send a signal to terminate the exposure is commonly: | 0.001 sec |
| When establishing a stepped variable kVp system, 3 criteria must be met. | 1. All film contrast is acceptable to radiologist 2. Large part size kVp recommendations avoid scatter fog 3. Small part size kVp recommendations provide adequate penetration |
| T/F: Attempts to tightly collimate around the ionization chambers should practiced. | false |
| When selecting a phantom for variable kilovoltage systems one should use a: | variable depth water bath |
| Regarding subject density & contrast problems, a case of emphysema would produce _______ causing the lung to be underexposed. | decreased subject density & contrast |
| When establishing the kVp steps, changes of 4-5 cm in tissue thickness requires ________ to maintain approximately the same image receptor exposure. | a doubling or halving of mAs |
| Which of the following can reduce or eliminate the need for pt exposures? | pt equivalent phantom |
| The use of wide collimation may lead to the AEC to terminate the exposure. This is called: | Undercutting |
| Concerning anatomically programmed radiography, what is the term used to change the suggested technique when the pt's condition or pathology makes it necessary to do so? | Overriding |
| How many different combinations of the 3 chambers are provided to the radiographer? | 7 |
| T/F: The density controls should not be used to compensate for pt part thickness or kVp changes. | True |
| Concerning variable kilovoltage systems, which of the following statements is true? | At a low kVp a small change in kVp can have a large effect. |
| What is the proper kilovoltage for a shoulder that measures 20 cm part thickness? | 80 kVp |
| Concerning collimation, use of wider collimation will produce scatter radiation that may undercut the pt. This may leave some areas: | too light |
| One of the advantages of using variable kilovoltage is permitting: | small incremental changes |
| Teh back-up time (BUT) should be set at ____% of the anticipated manual exposure time. | 150% |
| What is the 2 kVp rule? | 2 kVp x part cm |
| The back-up time (BUT) according to U.S. law is set at _______ to cut off. | 600 mAs |
| What is the typical # of ionization chambers? | 3 |
| The 1st steps in reducing film waste is: | establish an effective quality control program |
| Regarding the classification of artifacts, the appearance may include all of the following except: a) spots b) cloudy c) dark d) grainy | grainy |
| One of the ways to describe an artifact can be as: | minus density |
| Plus density may be the result of: | dirt on the intensifying screens |
| Which of the following could be the result of static discharge or rough handling of the film? | plus density |
| Concerning artifacts caused by improper film handling, the most common artifact is the so called: | crinkle artifact |
| What is the most importat factor in determining whether the artifact will be black or white? | The amount of pressure exerted on the film |
| If you happen to come across a bulky supply magazine, there is something you should do before loading, but you must be careful as this may cause pressure artifacts. | fanning |
| Regarding static electricity artifacts, there is a natural tendency of all forms to reamin: | electrically neutral |
| Smudge artifacts are thought to be caused by: | exposure of film to visisble light |
| In controlling the temp. & humidity, which of the following statements is true? | a high relative humidity will increase moisture content |
| Film should be stored between: | 65°F-75°F |
| If normal visualization fails to demonstrate foreign substances & defects of the intensifying screen, you may use the following to help you: | an ultra violate light |
| T/F: Concerning the film screen contact problems, if the surface of the film is not in direct contact w/the cassette, the light will diverge from the phosphor & will produce an unsharp image. | True |
| Film screen contact problems may include all fo the following except: | warped screen or film |
| Artifacts can be defined as: | the undesirable optical densities on a radiograph |
| Which of the following statements is false? | artifacts include hyper retention stains |
| The wrong screen-film match is known as: | exposure artifact |
| Which of the following is a processing artifact? a)curtain effect b)motion c)hyper retention stain d)processor artifact | curtain effect |
| A dichroic stain means how many colors? | 2 |
| Which of the following is not one of the colors of a dichroic stain? a)yellow b)white c)blue d)green | white |
| Wet pressure sensitization is a common artifact produced: | in the developer tank thru dirty rollers |
| Pi-lines are found in: | processing artifacts |
| Any scraping of the emulsion will appear a: | low OD |
| Pressure type artifacts sensitize the emulsion & usually appear as: | high OD |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding DR (digital radiography)? | With DR under-exposure radiographs can produce artifacts. |
| A warped cassette falls into which category? | exposure artifact |
| Pi-lines are: | Dirt stains on the roller taht are 1 inch in diameter |
| Which of the following may be caused by improper or inadequate processing chemistry? | dichroic stain |
| Radiation fog can be categorized as: | handling/storage artifacts |
| Concerning handling & storage, image fog can occur if: | temperature is too high |
| Static artifacts are the result of: | handling artifacts |
| Image fog may also occur if: | film bin is not shielded adequately |
| Which of the following is not a safelight problem? Safelight is or has: | too dark |
| T/F: Kink marks can occur before processing. | True |
| T/F: Characteristic marks, also know kink marks can occur after processing. | True |
| Rough handling can cause kinks & scratched that will appear as: | increased OD |
| If the wrong film is loaded in a cassette, this could lead to a: | Exposure artifact |
| Sludge deposits are found in: | Processing artifacts |
| A wet pressure sensitization artifact will produce: | Small circular patterns of increased density |
Created by:
e_ortiz79