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Chapter 14
The Reproductive Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| External genitalia | reproductive organs located outside of the body cavity. |
| Internal genitalia | reproductive organs protected within the body. |
| perineum | the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. |
| Spermatozoa | known as sperm, are the male gametes |
| Spermatogenesis | is the process of sperm formation |
| glans penis | known as the head of the penis, is the sensitive region located at the tip of the penis |
| vas deferens | known as the ductus deferens, are the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis. |
| seminal vesicles | are glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells. |
| ejaculatory duct | begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra. |
| prostate gland | under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra |
| two bulbourethral glands | located just below the prostate gland. |
| urethra | through the penis to the outside of the body. In the male, the urethra serves both the reproductive and the urinary systems. |
| andrologist | a doctor focusing on the treatment of conditions affecting male fertility and sexuality |
| urologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females |
| Phimosis | a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis. |
| Peyronie’s disease | known as penile curvature, is a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection. |
| Priapism | a painful and persistent erection lasting 4 hours or more, but is either not caused by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended. |
| Andropause | condition sometimes referred to as male menopause, is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone |
| hydrocele | a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles |
| Testicular torsion | a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle |
| Orchitis | as testitis, is inflammation of one or both testicles |
| varicocele | a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum |
| Azoospermia | the absence of sperm in the semen. |
| Oligospermia | is a sperm count of below 15 million/mL (olig/o means few, |
| Hematospermia | is the presence of blood in the semen |
| orchiectomy | also spelled as orchidectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both testicles |
| Orchiopexy | the repair of cryptorchidism, which is an undescended testicle |
| varicocelectomy | the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele |
| bilateral orchiectomy, | known as castration, is the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles. |
| Cryopreservation | sperm allows a man to freeze his sperm indefinitely to use later |
| Sexually transmitted diseases | known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections caused by either bacteria or viruses that affect both males and females. |
| Bacterial vaginosis | a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina |
| Genital warts, which are caused by human papillomaviruses | are highly contagious. In the male, this virus infects the penis, scrotum or anus. |
| The human immunodeficiency virus | HIV) is transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner. |
| Trichomoniasis | known as trich, is an infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. |
| external female genitalia | posterior to the mons pubis (MONZ PYOU-bis), which is a rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis |
| Mammary glands | known as the lactiferous glands, are the milk-producing glands that develop during puberty. |
| lactiferous ducts | known as milk ducts, carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple |
| follicle | a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg). There are thousands of these sacs on the inside surface of the ovaries. |
| infundibulum | the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary. |
| fimbriae | the fringed, finger-like extensions of this opening. Their role is to catch the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary |
| In its normal position, which is known as anteflexion | the body of the uterus is bent forward |
| The fundus | the bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes. |
| corpus | also known as the body of the uterus, is the middle portion. |
| cervix | also known as the cervix uteri, is the lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina. |
| Menarche | the beginning of menstruation |
| Perimenopause | is the term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all |
| Menstrual phase. | Approximately Days 1–5 |
| Postmenstrual phase. | Approximately Days 6–12 |
| Ovulatory phase. | Approximately Days 13–14 |
| Premenstrual phase. | Approximately Days 15–28 |
| The corpus luteum | secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. |
| chorion | the thin outer membrane that encloses an embryo. It contributes to the formation of the placenta |
| amniotic sac | which is also known as the amnion, is the innermost membrane that surrounds an embryo in the uterus |
| umbilical cord | the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to a developing baby. |
| Gestation | which lasts approximately 280 days (40 weeks), is the period of development of the baby in the mother’s uterus. |
| Quickening | the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother. This usually occurs during the 16th to 20th week of pregnancy. |
| antepartum | refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor. |
| Advanced maternal age | to women who are 35 or older at the time of pregnancy. AMA can contribute to a higher risk of complications. |
| nullipara | a woman who has never borne a viable child |
| primigravida | a woman during her first pregnancy |
| primipara | a woman who has borne one viable child |
| Multiparous | a woman who has given birth two or more times |
| Puerperium | the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery. |
| Lochia | the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for up to 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth |
| Uterine involution | the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery. Involution means the return of an enlarged organ to its normal size. |
| Colostrum | a specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and anti bodies in a form that the newborn can digest. |
| Lactation | the process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant. The breast milk develops a few days after giving birth to replace the colostrum. |
| Vernix | a greasy substance that protects a fetus in utero and can still be present at birth. It is made up of sebum and discarded epidermal cells from the skin of the fetus |
| Meconium | is the greenish material that collects in the intestines of a fetus and forms the first feces of a newborn. |
| Apgar score | a scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. |
| Anovulation | the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy. |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | a condition characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. |
| Pyosalpinx | an accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube, sometimes as a result of pelvic inflammatory disease |
| Salpingitis | an inflammation of a fallopian tube caused by a bacterial infection, usually as a result of an STD |
| uterine prolapse | known as a pelvic floor hernia, is a condition in which the weakening of pelvic muscles and supportive tissues allows the uterus to slide from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sag into the vagina. |
| Cervical dysplasia | the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix. |
| Dyspareunia | is pain during sexual intercourse |
| Leukorrhea | a whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina |
| Vaginal atrophy, | as genitourinary syndrome of menopause, is a thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls caused by hormonal changes. |
| Vulvodynia | a painful syndrome of unknown cause characterized by chronic burning, dyspareunia, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva. |
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Amaya122000