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Psychology
Module 31 Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. |
| Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
| Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple -choice test |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information out of the memory storage |
| Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| Encoding | The process of getting information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning |
| Parallel Processing | Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system, |
| Short-term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| Long-Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience. |
| Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| Explicit Memory | Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (Also called "declarative memory") |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and a conscious effort |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| Implicit Memory | Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory) |
| Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture -image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable unit; often occurs automatically |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through "massed: study or practice |
| Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as "retrieval practice effect" or "test-enhanced learning" |
| Shallow Processing | Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words. |
| Deep Processing | Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |
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sillylilia