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AS Organic Defs
All organic definitions from AQA AS chemistry year 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Empirical formula | Formula giving the whole number proportions of elements in a compound but not the number of atoms or arrangement |
| Molecular formula | Formula defining the number of each element in a compound as well as its state and charge, does not show arrangement |
| General formula | Similar to empirical formula but shows compositional ratio of an entire homologous series of organic compounds e.g., for alkanes the general formula for the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is 2n + 2 |
| Structural formula | A diagram showing the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without displaying all bonds |
| Displayed formula | Diagram showing the arrangement of atoms in a molecule with all bonds displayed |
| Skeletal formula | A diagram representation of organic molecular structures where carbon-carbon covalent bonds are displayed as black lines and carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds aren’t shown at all. Every other element represented by letter |
| Homologous series | A series of organic compounds containing the same functional group(s) |
| Free radical | A chemical species with an unpaired valence electron, they are very reactive and are represented by a dot in front of them to represent the unpaired electron |
| Free radical substitution | A chemical reaction where a free radical replaces an atom or group of atoms in a molecule |
| Free radical substitution mechanism: initiation | X2 (intense UV light) - 2X* |
| Free radical substitution mechanism: propagation | CH4 + X* - CH3* + HX CH3* + X2 - CH3X + X* |
| Free radical substitution mechanism: termination | CH3* + CH3* - C2H6 CH3* + X* = CH3X X* + X* = X2 |
| Heterolytic fission | A type of uneven bond fission where one half of the bond retains the electron pair and the other one does not |
| Homolytic fission | A type of even bond fission where each half of the bond retails an electron from the original bonding pair (this is often how radicals are made) |
| Structural isomerism | Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structures |
| Stereoisomerism | Molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of atoms but different 3D orientation |
| E-Z isomerism | Stereoisomers that have a restricted rotation around a central carbon-carbon double (pi) bond and side chains have a fixed orientation |
| CIP priority rules | Cahn-Ingold Prelog rule: each group of atoms clustered around the central double bond is assigned a priority with the higher the Ar or Mr meaning a higher priority |
| E isomer | When the highest priority groups of each side are oriented opposite to each other |
| Z isomer | When the highest priority groups of each side are oriented the same way as each other |
| Position isomers | Have the same molecular formula and functional group, but the functional group is located at a different point in the structure |
| Functional group isomers | Have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms leading to a different functional group |
| Alkanes | Saturated hydrocarbons |
| Petroleum | A liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons that can be separated by fractional distillation |
| Fractional distillation | When liquids are separated into different groups (fractions) based on common boiling points by means of evaporation |
| Cracking | The breakdown of long chain hydrocarbons into smaller (and often more useful) hydrocarbons |
| Thermal cracking | Breaking down hydrocarbon chains using large amounts of heat and pressure. 450-750 degrees Celsius and up to 7 atmospheres. Produces mainly alkenes |
| Catalytic cracking | Breaking down hydrocarbons at lower temperatures and pressure with help from a catalyst. 550 degrees Celsius and 3 atmospheres. Produces mainly motor fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons |
| Complete combustion | Burning of a substance in excess oxygen. Hydrocarbons and hydrated hydrocarbons produce only water and carbon dioxide |
| Incomplete combustion | Burning of a substance in limited oxygen. Hydrocarbons and hydrated hydrocarbons will produce water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon (soot) |
| Catalytic converter | A unit which goes in the exhaust system of a car to turn harmful products of incomplete combustion into less harmful products with an extremely large surface area coated in precious metal catalysts (platinum, palladium, rhodium) |
| Nucleophiles | Substances that have a tendency to donate electrons or react at areas of electron deficiency and positivity such as protons or positive partial charges |
| Electrophiles | Substances that are attracted to areas of electron density and negativity such as lone pairs or double bonds |
| Nucleophilic substitution | A type of organic reaction mechanism where a nucleophile replaces a polar leaving group in a molecule |
| Electrophilic addition | A type of organic reaction mechanism where an electrophile attacks double bonds and lone pairs to add itself to a molecule |
| Ozone depletion (what is it and why does it happen?) | The gradual reduction of the amount of ozone (O3) present in the stratosphere. This is usually because of halogen free radicals tipping dynamic equilibrium between O2 and O3 in the direction of O2 meaning there’s more oxygen than ozone |
| Ozone depletion (reaction) | Cl’ + O3 - ClO’ + O2 ClO’ + O3 - 2O2 + Cl’ |
| Alkenes | Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double carbon-carbon bond in their structure |
| Addition polymers | The repeated addition of alkene to form a polymer chain by breaking down the double bond to form a single bond between adjacent monomers. They’re unreactive |
| Alcohol | An organic homologous series of compounds containing one or more hydroxy groups bonded to the carbon |
| Fermentation | A reaction by microorganisms that converts carbohydrates into other organic products such as alcohol |
| Biofuel | A type of fuel derived from renewable biological sources |
| Aldehyde | Oxidisation of a primary alcohol where the terminal carbon of an organic compound is double bonded to an oxygen and a hydrogen |
| Ketone | Oxidisation of a secondary alcohol where the non-terminal carbon of an organic compound is double bonded to an oxygen |
| Carboxylic acid | Oxidisation of an aldehyde where a terminal carbon of an organic compound is double bonded to an oxygen and a hydroxy group |
| Primary alcohol | The OH is bound to a terminal carbon |
| Secondary alcohol | The OH is bound to a non-terminal carbon |
| Tertiary alcohol | The OH is bound to a non-terminal carbon which is also bonded to an element which isn’t hydrogen |
| Mass spectroscopy | An analytical technique used to measure the molar mass of a compound based on it’s mass to charge (m/z) ratio |
| Infrared spectroscopy | An analytical technique used to discover the various bonds and functional groups in a compound based on the absorption, emission, or reflection of infrared radiation |
| Fingerprint region | A range from 1450-1500cm^-1 on the infrared spectrum that is used to identify the main functional groups in a compound |
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