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Bilingual glossary
EDLA 315
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acculturation | The process by which an individual or group adapts to a new culture |
| additive bilingualism | A situation in which a second language is eventually added to a student's native language without replacing it. |
| ascendant bilingualism | When a second language is developing. |
| assimilation | The process by which a person or language group loses their own language and culture, which are replaced by a different language and culture. |
| balanced bilingualism | Approximately equal competence in two languages |
| bilingual immersion programs | Language majority students study in a classroom where the target non-dominant language is used 90-100% of the time. |
| circumstantial bilinguals | Groups of individuals who must become bilingual to operate in the majority language society that surrounds them. |
| codemixing/switching | The mixing of two languages within a sentence or across sentences. |
| communicative competence | The ability to use a language to communicate effectively and appropriately with other speakers of the language. |
| comprehensible input | Oral or written language that is slightly above a second language learner's current level of proficiency in the second language and thus provides linguistic input that leads to second language acquisition. |
| content and language integrated learning (CLIL) | Education in which a second or later language is used for learning subject content, and where both language learning and content learning occur simultaneously, with an emphasis on their integration. |
| developmental (maintenance) bilingual education | A form of bilingual education where initially students' L1 (minority) is predominantly used at first but L2 instruction gradually increases as students move up in grade level. L1 always remains to some extent to maintain bilingual ism.. |
| diglossia | Two languages or language varieties existing together in a society in a stable arrangement through different uses attached to each language. |
| domains | Particular contexts where a certain language is used. |
| dual language programs | A variety of bilingual program models for ELL and English proficient students designed to help them become bilingual and biliterate. |
| elective bilingualism | Becoming bilingualism by conscious choice, rather than due to forced circumstances. |
| elite/prestigious bilingualism | Typically refers to bilingualism by choice in two (or more) elite or prestigious national and/or international languages, among the highly privileged members of a dominant society. |
| emergent bilingual | An alternative label for ELLs that draws attention to the other language or languages in the learners' linguistic repertoires. |
| enculturation | The process of adapting to a new culture. |
| functional bilingualism | The ability to use bilingual skills to accomplish basic functions. |
| funds of knowledge | Knowledge that exists in communities and individuals outside of school that is valuable to share. |
| heritage language education | Education programs for language minority students to develop or maintain their heritage language. |
| heteroglossic perspective | Views bilingualism as the norm and treats the languages of bilinguals as coexisting. |
| immersion bilingual education | Schooling where some or most subject content is taught through a second language: Pupils in immersion are usually native speakers of a majority language and the teaching is carefully structured to their needs. |
| incipient bilingualism | The early stages of bilingualism where one language is not strongly developed. |
| language attrition | The loss of a language within a person or a language group, gradually over time. |
| linguistic imperialism | Typically refers to situations where an imperial, colonial or other dominant power imposes its language on speakers of other languages. |
| monoglossic perspective | Views monolingualism as the norm and treats the languages of bilinguals as two separate distinct systems, as if students are two monolinguals in one. |
| passive bilingualism | Being able to understand (and sometimes read) in a second language without speaking or writing in that second language. |
| productive bilingualism | Ability to produce speech and written text in two languages. |
| pull-out ESL | A program model for ELLs in which students are placed in mainstream or sheltered English immersion classrooms but are regularly pulled out of class for English as a second language (ESL) lessons taught by an ESL teacher. |
| receptive bilingualism | Ability to comprehend speech and written text in two languages. |
| recessive bilingualism | When proficiency in one of a bilingual's languages is decreasing due to lack of use or development. |
| recursive bilingualism | revitalization of endangered languages, by researching and reclaiming whatever language fragments can be salvaged. |
| scaffolding | Providing support to build on a student's existing repertoire of knowledge and understanding: As the student progresses and becomes more of an independent learner, the help given by teachers can be gradually removed. |
| sequential (consecutive) bilingualism | Bilingualism achieved via learning a second language later than the first language usually after the age of three. |
| simultaneous bilingualism | Bilingualism achieved via acquiring a first and a second language concurrently, before the age of three. |
| speech community | A group of people who share a common language(s) and norms and expectations for its use. |
| strategic competence | A speaker's ability to adapt their use of a second language to compensate for gaps in their proficiency. |
| submersion | The teaching of minority language pupils solely through the medium of a majority language, often alongside native speakers of the majority language: Minority language pupils are left to sink or swim in the mainstream curriculum. |
| subtractive bilingualism | A situation in which a second language eventually replaces a student's native language. |
| transfer | The effect of one language on the learning of another: There can be both negative transfer, sometimes called interference, and positive transfer. |
| transglossia | The ways in which multiple languages are used across multiple domains and functions. |
| translanguaging | The natural and normal ways bilinguals mix and use their languages in their everyday lives: In teaching, the term refers to pedagogical practices that use bilingualism as a resource. |
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nifferball
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