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GRE Psy - Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation |
| Sensitization | an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus |
| Classical conditioning | a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
| unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
| conditioned response | a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| unconditioned response | a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
| Forward Pairing (Delay and Trace) | CS before the UCS Best for conditioning |
| backward pairing | the CS is presented after the UCS |
| simultaneous pairing | CS and UCS are presented at the same time |
| second-order conditioning | conditioning where a CS becomes associated with a new UCS |
| Discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Generalization | the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli |
| law of effect | behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely |
| positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli |
| positive punishment | adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior |
| negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli |
| appetitive stimulus | a pleasant or satisfying stimulus |
| aversive stimulus | a stimulus that is unpleasant |
| drive-reduction theory | physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| Premack's Principle | the opportunity to engage in behavior with a relatively high baseline probability will reinforce behavior of lower baseline probability |
| if eating depends on pressing a lever | lever presses will increase |
| shaping | the production of new forms of operant behavior by reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior |
| successive approximation | small steps |
| cumulative record | a record of the total number of operant responses over time that visually depicts the rate of responding |
| discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement |
| acquisition (classical conditioning) | the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
| acquisition (operant conditioning) | the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Plateau/Asymptote | a period in learning when the learning curve flattens because the rate of increase has stopped temporarily |
| Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time |
| partial reinforcement effect | responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction |
| fixed interval | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable interval | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| fixed ratio | reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable ratio | reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| escape and avoidance behavior | Behavior maintained by negative reinforcement |
| two-process theory | classical and operant conditioning can interact to establish new behaviors |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| long-term potentiation | enhancement of synaptic transmission caused by repeated brief stimulations of one nerve cell that trigger stimulation of a succeeding cell |
| Hebb's Law | neurons that fire together wire together |
| Equipotentiality | any pair of stimuli can be associated with equal ease |
| belongingness | connections between items are more readily formed if the items are related in terms of sense rather than proximity or contiguity |
| one trial learning | a special case of classical conditioning that only requires one experience for the association to be made between a CR and CS. |
| behavior therapy | a form of psychotherapy that applies the principles of learning |
| conditioned emotional response | An emotional reaction acquired through classical conditioning; process by which an emotional reaction becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. |
| phobias | A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation |
| compensatory reaction/tolerance | when a person takes drugs |
| drug addiction | A physical or psychological need for higher and higher doses of a drug. |
| compulsive behavior | strong |
| depression | A prolonged feeling of helplessness |
| contiguity | co-occurrence of stimuli in time or space |
| contingency | a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty |
| blocking effect | once a conditioned stimulus is learned |
| learned helplessness | the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| Pavlov | creator of classical conditioning |
| Skinner & Watson | creator of operant conditioning |
| Thorndike | creator of law of effect |
| Hull | creator of drive-reduction theory |
| Premack | creator of Premack's principle |
| Skinner | creator of shaping |
| Mowrer | creator of two-process theory |
| Hebb | creator of Hebb's law |
| Garcia & Koelling | creator of belongingness |
| Seligman (clinical conditioning) | coined depression |
| Rescorla & Wagner | creator of contiguity & contingency |
| Seligman (cognitive learning) | creator of learned helplessness |
| Tolman | creator of latent learning |
| Kohler | creator of insight |
| sensitization | increase in responsiveness |
| maturation | a change that does not depend on experience |
| evolution | a change that is seen across generations |
| habituation | decrease in responsiveness |
| learning curve | graph of the change in response over time |
| tabula rasa | the mind starts as a blank slate for associations to be learned |
Created by:
kpittaro
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