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EMT Ch. 41
Terrorism Response and Disaster Management
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Terrorism | Involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law and appears to be intended to: |
| Hartford Consensus recommends using the acronym THREAT | ●Threat suppression ●Hemorrhage control ●Rapid Extrication to safety ●Assessment by medical providers ●Transport to definitive care |
| B-NICE | ●Biologic ●Nuclear ●Incendiary ●Chemical ●Explosive |
| Explosives Include | ●Vesicants (blister agents) ●Respiratory agents (choking agents) ●Nerve agents ●Metabolic agents (cyanides) |
| Biologic terrorism/warfare | Agents are organisms that cause disease |
| Vesicants | Primary route is the skin. Cause burnlike blisters to form on the victim’s skin and in the respiratory tract |
| Sulfur mustard (H) | ●Brown-yellow oily substance ●Generally considered very persistent ●Begins an irreversible process of damage to the cells ●Attacks vulnerable cells within the bone marrow and depletes the body’s ability to reproduce white blood cells |
| Lewisite (L) and phosgene oxime (CX) | ●Produce blister wounds very similar to those caused by mustard ●Produce immediate intense pain and discomfort when contact is made ●The patient may have a gray discoloration at the contaminated site. |
| Chlorine (Cl) | ●Initially, produces upper airway irritation and a choking sensation ●Patient may later experience: ●Shortness of breath ●Chest tightness ●Hoarseness and stridor ●Gasping and coughing ●Pulmonary edema |
| Phosgene | ●Product of combustion ●Very potent agent with a delayed onset of symptoms ●Initially, a mild exposure may include: ●Nausea ●Chest tightness ●Severe cough ●Dyspnea on exertion ●Pulmonary edema |
| Organophosphates | ●Found in household bug sprays and agricultural sprays ●Block an essential enzyme in the nervous system |
| Nerve agents | -Tabun -Sarin -Soman -V agent |
| Nerve agent treatment | DuoDote Auto-Injector (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Auto-Injector [ATNAA]) |
| Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK) | Affect the body’s ability to use oxygen. ●Commonly found in many industrial settings ●Associated with dizziness, light-headedness, headache, and vomiting |
| Dissemination | The means by which a terrorist will spread the agent. |
| Disease vector | An animal that spreads disease to another animal. |
| Incubation | The period of time between the person becoming exposed to the agent and the appearance of the first symptoms |
| Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) | Virus ●Causes the blood in the body to seep out from the tissues and blood vessels ●The patient will have flulike symptoms, progressing to more serious symptoms such as internal and external hemorrhaging. |
| Bacteria | ●Do not require a host to multiply and live ●More complex than viruses and can grow up to 100 times larger ●Most can be fought with antibiotics. ●Most will generally begin with flulike symptoms. |
| Inhalation and cutaneous anthrax | Bacteria Caused by a deadly bacterium that lays dormant in a spore. ●Routes of entry are inhalation, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal. |
| Pulmonary anthrax | Bacteria Most deadly anthrax |
| Pneumonic plague | Bacteria A lung infection that results from inhalation of plague bacteria |
| Bubonic plague | Bacteria Infects the lymphatic system and creates buboes |
| Botulism | Neurotoxin ●Most deadly substances known to humans ●Produced from plants, marine animals, molds, and bacteria ●Route of entry is ingestion, inhalation, or injection. ●Not contagious and have a faster onset of symptoms |
| Botulinum toxin | ●Most potent neurotoxin ●Produced by bacteria ●Affects the nervous system’s ability to function ●Voluntary muscle control diminishes. ●Eventually the toxin causes muscle paralysis, leading to respiratory arrest. |
| Ricin | Neurotoxin ●Derived from mash from the castor bean ●Causes pulmonary edema and respiratory and circulatory failure, leading to death ●Quite stable and extremely toxic |
| Neutron | Most powerful particles |
| Radiologic dispersal devices (RDDs) | ●Any container designed to disperse radioactive material ●A “dirty bomb” can injure victims with the radioactive or explosive material. |
| Acute radiation toxicity | Effects of radiation exposure will vary depending on the amount of radiation and the route of entry. |
Created by:
DFroisland