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NUR 614 Ch. 23
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The autonomic nervous system coordinates | - The internal environment of the body by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| Cerebral cortex function consists of | determining intelligence, personality, and motor function |
| The major function of the sympathetic nervous system is to | prepares the body for emergencies for fight or flight (stress response) |
| The cerebellum plays a key role in the | coordination of fine motor movements |
| Functions of the Parietal Lobe | - Recognition of body parts and awareness of body position (proprioception) - Processing of olfactory sense |
| Stereognosis is the ability to | perceive the weight and form of solid objects by touch while the eyes are closed |
| The parasympathetic division functions in a complementary and counterbalancing manner to | conserve body resources and maintain day-to-day body functions, such as digestion and elimination |
| Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder of the | peripheral nervous system that results in motor and sensory loss in the distribution of one or more nerves, usually in the hands and feet. |
| The thalamus is the major integrating center for the | - perception of various sensations such as pain and temperature - conveys all sensory impulses, except olfaction - relay center between the basal ganglia and cerebellum before distributing to sensory areas |
| The reception of speech and interpretation of speech are located in the | Wernicke area |
| Functions of the cerebrum | - holds memories - allows you to plan - enables you to imagine and think |
| The hypothalamus is the major processing center of | - internal stimuli for the autonomic nervous system - It maintains temperature control, water metabolism, body fluid osmolarity, feeding behavior, and neuroendocrine activity. |
| The abducens is the sixth cranial nerve with motor function responsible for | lateral eye movement |
| CN V is associated with | opening of the jaw, chewing, and sensation of the cornea, iris, conjunctiva, eyelids, forehead, nose, teeth, tongue, ear, and facial skin |
| CN IX is associated with | swallowing function, sensation of the nasopharynx, gag reflex, taste, secretion of salivary glands, carotid reflex, and swallowing |
| Motor maturation proceeds in an orderly progression from | - Head to Toes- or cephalocaudal direction - Motor control of the head and neck develops first, followed by the trunk and extremities |
| Normal changes of the aging brain include | - Diminished perception of touch and pain - The velocity of nerve impulse conduction declines, so responses to stimuli take longer |
| The number of cerebral neurons is thought to decrease by | 1% a year, beginning at 50 years of age; however, the vast number of reserve cells inhibits the appearance of clinical signs. |
| The sensory and motor fibers of each spinal nerve supply and receive information to a segment of skin known as a | dermatome |
| The Romberg test has the patient | - stand with the eyes closed, feet together, and arms at the sides - Loss of balance results in a positive Romberg test |
| The Kernig sign indicates | meningeal irritation |
| The finger to nose test allows assessment of | coordination and fine motor function |
| What techniques test sensory function without motor function | - point location - sensory function - stereognosis |
| The area with the ability to discern two points in the shortest distance with the two-point discrimination test is the | - fingertips with a minimal distance of 2 to 8 mm - the back, 40 to 70 mm, the palms, 8 to 12 mm, and the upper arms, 75 mm. |
| A cerebellar gait (cerebellar ataxia) occurs when | the patient’s feet are wide-based, with a staggering gait, lurching from side to side, often accompanied by swaying of the trunk |
| Dystonic ataxia is | jerky dancing movements that appear nondirectional |
| Steppage gait is noted when the | hip and knee are elevated excessively high to lift the plantar-flexed foot off the ground. The foot is brought down with a slap and the patient is unable to walk on the heels. |
| Tabetic stamping occurs when the | legs are positioned far apart, lifted high, and forcibly brought down with each step; in this case, the heel stamps on the ground. |
| Vibratory sensory testing should be routinely done for the patient with | diabetes |
| Tactile agnosia is the | - inability to recognize objects by touch - suggests a parietal lobe lesion |
| Graphesthesia tests the patient’s ability to | identify the figure being drawn on the palm |
| The extinction phenomenon tests | - sensation by simultaneously touching bilateral sides of the body with a sterile needle - pt. should be able to discern the number of pinpoints and their location |
| Parietal spinal sensory syndrome (Brown-Séquard syndrome) is noted when | - pain and temperature sensation occur one to two dermatomes below the lesion on the opposite side of the body - Proprioceptive loss and motor paralysis occur on the lesion side of the body. |
| To assess spinal levels L2, L3, and L4, which deep tendon reflex should be tested? | - Patellar reflex - The patellar tendon is the only deep tendon that assesses the lumbar spinal level |
| The triceps and biceps tendon are tested to assess the | cervical spine |
| The Achilles tendon is tested to assess the | sacral spine |
| When using a monofilament to assess sensory function, the monofilament is placed on | - Several smooth spots of the patient’s plantar foot for seconds - Adequate pressure applied by the monofilament is measured by the bend of the monofilament |
| The triceps tendon, when directly hit with the reflex hammer just above the elbow, will cause | Visible or palpable contraction of the triceps muscle and extension of the elbow |
| It is especially important to test for ankle clonus if ________ Sustained clonus signifies _______ | 1. Deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive 2. Hypertonia of an upper motor neuron lesion |
| A stiff neck or nuchal rigidity is a sign associated with | meningitis and intracranial hemorrhage |
| Cranial nerve (CN) XII may be assessed in an infant by | - observing the infant suck and swallow - by pinching the nose, and then observing for the mouth to open and the tip of the tongue to rise in a midline position |
| Cranial nerve (CN) V may be assessed in an infant by | Observing the rooting reflex |
| The tonic neck reflex must disappear before the infant can | roll over or bring his or her hands to their face; it should disappear by 6 months |
| Transferring objects hand to hand begins at | 7 months |
| Purposeful release of objects is noted as a normal finding by | 10 months |
| Purposeful movements, such as reaching and grasping for objects, begin at about | 2 months of age |
| The progress of taking objects with one hand begins at | 6 months |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome—acute idiopathic polyneuritis—is an | acute polyradiculoneuropathy that commonly follows a nonspecific infection that occurred 10 to 14 days earlier |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by | - Ascending symmetric weakness w/ sensation preserved - An increase in severity occurs over days or weeks - A decrease in or absent strength and sensory loss may result, along with motor paralysis and respiratory muscle failure. |
| Expected findings in older adults | - Reduced ability to differentiate colors - Absent plantar reflex - Reduction in upward gaze |
| Ipsilateral Horner syndrome in the eye indicates a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurring in the | - The posterior inferior cerebellar artery - This artery supplies the lateral and posterior portion of the medulla |
| Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease involving the | - Lower motor neurons & muscle fibers - The immune system prod antibodies that destroy ACh receptor sites @ the neuromuscular junction - Blocking the nerve impulse from reaching the muscle, pro. muscle fatigue |
| Encephalitis is acute inflammation of the ________. It is often caused by __________ | - Brain and spinal cord involving the meninges - a virus, such as the herpes simplex virus |
| Multiple sclerosis is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by | - a combination of inflammation and degeneration of the myelin in the brain’s white matter - Leading to obstructed transmission of nerve impulses and decreased brain mass |
| Cerebral palsy is a permanent disorder of | Movement and posture development associated with non-progressive (static) disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain |
| Parkinson disease is characterized by | - short shuffling steps - posture is stooped forward - arms have limited swing - bilateral pill rolling |
| The tests for cortical sensory function include | stereognosis, two-point discrimination, extinction phenomenon, graphesthesia, and point location. |
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cheekma14