Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RAD 110
Chapter 3 Thoracic Viscera: Chest and Upper Airway
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| when is chest imaging for pneumothorax or atelectasis taken? inspiration or expiration | on expiration |
| what kind and how many inspirations for a CXR? | 2 deep inspirations |
| what kind of inspirations for soft tissue? | slow |
| what are the 6 points of critiquing images? | marker, apices, costophrenic angles, rotation that causes superimposition (look at sc joints & distance of vertebral columns), proper inhalation (look at diaphragm & ribs (10)), if too much abd is showing: central ray location |
| the sc joints must be symmetrical, if the r sc joint is toward the midline, what position is the patient in? | RAO |
| if the ribs are seen as flat on the image, is it PA or AP? | PA |
| you should always assume that CXRs are___ | PA |
| which is more anterior? the esophagus or trachea | trachea |
| what is the carina | hook-like process on the last cartilage of the trachea;Trachea divides, or bifurcates, at carina into the Right & left primary bronchus |
| what are the Subdivisions of bronchial tree? | primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
| what is the order of structures before alveoli? | alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
| what is the medial border of the lungs called? | hilum |
| what are the sides of the lungs called? | costophrenic angles |
| during inspiration/expiration, which way does the diaphragm move? | insp= inferiorly, exp= superiorly |
| what are the two layers of serous membrane that make up the pleura of lungs? | visceral (inner), parietal (outer) |
| what are the differences between the l & r primary bronchus? | the r primary bronchus is shorter & wider making it easier for foreign bodies to be lodged |
| what are the differences between the l & r lungs? | due to the presence of the liver the r lung is shorter, the r lung also has three lobes while the l has two bc of the heart |
| what organs are located in the anterior portion of the neck? (3) | thyroid. parathyroid glands, larger part of the submandibular glands |
| pharynx | serves as a passage for air and food, located behind the nose, mouth, and larynx |
| the oropharynx extends from the ___ to the ___ | soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone |
| what is the radiation field size for an ap soft tissue neck? | relatively small, 12 in/30 cm lengthwise & 1 in/2.5 cm beyond the skin on the sides but no more than 10 in/24 cm |
| what is the Patient position for an ap soft tissue neck? | a. Upright or supine |
| how should the parts of the body be positioned for an ap soft tissue neck? | a. Center MSP to the midline of the grid b. Adjust the patient’s shoulders down to lie in the same transverse plane. c. Extend the patient’s neck slightly |
| how is the central ray for an ap soft tissue neck? | a. Perpendicular through MSP at the level of the laryngeal prominence (upper airway) or manubrium |
| when should the exposure be made for an ap soft tissue neck? | during slow inspiration to ensure trachea is filled with air |
| what is the radiation field size for a lateral soft tissue neck? | relatively small, 12 in/30 cm lengthwise & 1 in/2.5 cm beyond the skin on the sides but no more than 10 in/24 cm |
| what is the Patient position for a lateral tissue neck? | seated or standing |
| how should the parts of the body be positioned for a lateral soft tissue neck? | a. MSP centered parallel midline of the grid b. Clasp the hands behind the body (Unless cross-table) c. Rotate the shoulders posteriorly to keep shadow of the arms from obscuring superior mediastinum d. Extend the neck slightly |
| how is the central ray for a lateral soft tissue neck? | a. Horizontal through MCP at the level of the laryngeal prominence for upper airway or at the level of the jugular notch through a point midway between the jugular notch and the MCP for trachea and superior mediastinum |
| when should the exposure be made for a lateral soft tissue neck? | during slow inspiration to ensure trachea is filled with air |
| why should radiographs of the heart be obtained at the end of normal inspiration? | to prevent distortion, deep inspiration causes the diaphragm to move inferiorly resulting in elongation of the heart. more air is inhaled during the second breath than the first |
| what exam should be performed when there is fluid present in the lungs? | lateral decube- lie the pt on the same side as the effected lung |
| what exam should be performed when there is air present in the lungs? | lateral decube- lie the pt on the opposite side as the effected lung |
| what is the general pt position for ambulatory pts? | a. Upright or seated erect |
| what is the general pt position for Nonambulatory patients | a. Determine whether air-fluid levels are critical to diagnosis b. May have to substitute a decubitus position if patient cannot sit upright |
| what is the Recommended SID for chest radiography | at least 72 inches (183 cm) to minimize magnification of heart and increase recorded detail |
| what is the Patient position for a pa chest exam? | a. If possible, Upright standing or seated, to demonstrate air or fluid levels and allow diaphragm to move to its lowest position |
| how should the parts of the body be positioned for a pa chest exam? | Patient faces vertical grid device with midsagittal plane (MSP) centered perpendicular to IR, Weight equally distributed on both feet, Flex elbows and rest back of hands low on hips, Depress shoulders into same transverse plane, Roll shoulders forward |
| how is the central ray for a pa chest exam? | a. Perpendicular to center of IR b. Enters at MSP and level of T7 |
| when should the exposure be made for a pa chest exam? | at the end of second deep inspiration |
| what is the Patient position for a lateral chest exam? | If possible, Upright standing or seated, to demonstrate air or fluid levels and allow diaphragm to move to its lowest position |
| in a lateral chest exam, which side is demonstrated on the image? | the side placed closer to the ir |
| in a lateral chest exam, is the l or r side used to minimize magnification of the heart? | the l side |
| where should the top of th IR be placed during a lateral chest exam? | 1.5-2 in (3.8-5cm) above the shoulders |
| how should the parts of the body be positioned for a lateral chest exam? 1 | True lateral position, MSP parallel with IR, Midcoronal plane (MCP) perpendicular to IR, Shoulder in contact with grid, Extend arms over head, flex elbows, and rest forearms on head 1 |
| how should the parts of the body be positioned for a lateral chest exam? 2 | If patient not mobile enough, provide IV stand for patient to hold, Make sure patient is not leaning sideways or bending forward 2 |
| list the two essential projections for the heart and lungs that routinely used for chest examinations | pa & lateral |
| in the pa chest essential projection, state the key pt/part positioning and size of collimation field | 14x17 in (35x43 cm), upright, facing vertical grid |
| in the pa chest essential projection, state the anatomic landmarks & the relation to the IR, and state the CR orientation and entrance point | MSP perpendicular & MCP parallel......perpendicular; enters MSP at T7 (inferior scapular angle) |
| in the lateral chest essential projection, state the key pt/part positioning and size of collimation field | 14x17 in (35x43 cm), upright, left lateral position |
| in the lateral chest essential projection, state the anatomic landmarks & the relation to the IR, and state the CR orientation and entrance point | MCP perpendicular & MSP parallel..... perpendicular; enters MCP at T7 (inferior scapular angle) |
| the AP axial projection lordotic position is used to demonstrate the __ of the lungs | apices |
| describe how the pt should be positioned in the AP axial projection lordotic position | standing & facing the tube, move 1 ft away and lean back making contact with the upper back, elbows flexed, back of hands on hips to rotate shoulders forward |
| what breathing instructions should be given to a AP axial projection lordotic position pt? | stop breathing after the second full inspiration |
| where should the central ray enter the pt in a AP axial projection lordotic position pt? | on the midsagittal plane, on the midsternum |
| if the patient cannot be positioned in the lordotic position, how is the cr directed to demonstrate the lung apices? | 15-12 degrees cephalad |
| give 5 evaluation criteria that indicate the pt was properly positioned for an AP axial projection (lordotic position) | clavicles superior to the apices, apices & lungs are entirely included, sc joints are equally distant from the spine, ribs distorted with superior and inferior imposition, clavicles horizontal w sternal ends overlapping only first & second ribs |
| what is the vertebral prominens? | the C7 vertebrae |
| which side of the chest is of primary interest with the PA oblique projection, RAO position? | the left |
| with reference to the pt, where should the upper border of the IR be placed? | 1.5-2in above the vertebral prominens |
| when performing the PA oblique projection, RAO position, how many degrees should the pt be rotated? | 45 degrees |
| an image of a PA CXR shows that the sternoclavicular joint are not the same distance from the spine. the R SC joint is closer to the midline than is the L sc joint. what is the positioning error? | the pt was rotated to the right (RAO position) |
| what are landmarks for accurate and consistent radiographic chest positioning? | jugular notch, vertebral prominence |
| for a PA projection of the chest, where is the CR directed? | perpendicular to T7 |
| what is the purpose of depressing the shoulders for a PA projection of the chest? | to move the clavicles below the apices |
| the radiologic technologist is performing an AP chest xr on a pt using a mobile unit. what does the rad tech perform before the procedure? | rotate the patients arms internally |
| what are advantages of using an SID of 72 in for chest radiography? | increased spatial resolution of delicate lung structures, decreased magnification of the heart |
| which criteria can be used to determine if rotation is present on a lateral chest radiograph? | determine if the posterior ribs are superimposed, determine if the sternum is demonstrated in profile |
| after viewing a PA and L lateral CXR, the rad orders an oblique projection that will best demonstrate or "elongate" the l lung. which specific oblique projections will best achieve that? | RPO/LAO |
| why is careful collimation important in chest imaging | improves image quality, reduces pt dose |
| what is the proper placement of the arm for a pa projection of the chest? | palms out, shoulders depressed and rotated forward, hands on lower hips |
| the trachea divides into the | r & l bronchus |
| what kV range is recommended for chest radiography? | 110 to 125 kV |
| what is the name for the structure that serves to block the larynx to prevent aspiration of food or fluid? | epiglottis |
Created by:
taetay5831