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Chemistry
T2 Topic Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | The study of composition, properties and reactions of matter |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space or has a mass, and it consists of atoms and molecules |
| 5th century BC | Democritus and Leucippus invented the idea of atoms |
| John Dalton | Discovered that all matter is made up of indestructible and indivisible atoms, with different masses and properties |
| JJ Thompson (Cathode ray experiment) | Discovered that all atoms have tiny negatively charged particles inside them called electrons |
| Ernest Rutherford (The gold foil experiment) | Discovered that an atom has a heavy positive charged body at the centre (nucleus), which consists of protons |
| Niels Bohr | Discovered that electrons revolve around the positively charged nucleus in an orbit |
| Mass | Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1, while electrons have almost no mass |
| Atomic number | = the number of protons |
| Mass number | = atomic number + neutrons |
| Isotope | Atoms of the same element that have the same number of proton (atomic number) but a different number of neutrons (mass number) |
| Periodic table | Structured to represent groups of elements with similar chemical properties - which are based on atomic number |
| A period | A horizontal row of the periodic table |
| A group | A vertical column of the periodic table |
| Gold | Au |
| Silver | Ag |
| Nickle | Ni |
| Zinc | Zn |
| Copper | Au |
| Iron | Fe |
| Bohrs model | 2, 8, 8, 2 (electron configuration) |
| Valenece electrons | The electrons in the outermost shell |
| Valence shell | The shell containing the electrons, further from the nucleus |
| Full valence shell | Atoms will try to gain or lose electrons to have a full valence shell |
| Properties of metals | Shiny, dense, conduct heat & electricity, malleable & ductile |
| Properties of non-metals | Not a conductor of heat or electricity, brittle, mostly gas, dull |
| Radioactivity | Due to the decay, or changes in the nucleus of unstable isotopes |
| Radioactivity discovered | 1896, by Henri Becquerel after discovering the radioactive properties of uranium |
| Emission of energy | Radioactive decay |
| Alpha radiation | Alpha particles are ejected from the nucleus of an atom (consists of 2 protons & 2 neutrons) |
| Alpha particles | Positive charge |
| Beta radiation | An electron is ejected from the nucleus when a neutron is transformed into a proton - mass is unchanged & atomic number is increased |
| Beta ray | A stream of electrons |
| Beta particles | Negative charge |
| Gamma rays | Mass-less energy released from the nucleus (electromagnetic waves) |
| Gamma radiation | Released when the neutrons and protons rearrange themselves in the nucleus |
| Alpha radiation charge | +2 |
| Beta radiation charge | -1 |
| Gamma radiation charge | 0 |
| Alpha radiation range | Few cm |
| Beta radiation range | Few 10s of cm |
| Gamma radiation range | Infinite |
| Alpha radiation (penetration) | Stopped by a sheet of paper |
| Beta radiation (penetration) | Stopped by a few mm of aluminium |
| Gamma radiation (penetration) | Reduced by a few mm of lead |
| Alpha radiation (ionisation) | High |
| Beta radiation (ionisation) | Medium |
| Gamma radiation (ionisation) | Low |
| Half life | Is the amount of time it takes for one-half of the radioactive isotope (substance) to decay |
| Elements | Substances made up of one type of atom e.g. a piece of iron (Fe) |
| Compounds | Substances made up of different types of atoms e.g. water (H2O) |
| Ions | Charged atoms that have lost of gained electrons to become + or - charged |
| Lose electrons | Atoms become ions with an overall positive charge e.g. sodium ion |
| Gained electrons | Atoms become ions with an overall negative charge e.g. chloride ion |
| Ionic bonding | When positively charged ions bond with negatively charged ions |
| Ionic compounds | Usually formed from a cation + anion (which is usually a metal and a non-metal) |
| Ionic bonds | Forces that keep ions together |
| Salts | Any ionic compounds in a solid form at room temperature in an aqueous solutions when dissolved in water |
| Indicators of chemical changes | Colour change, gas produced, precipitate formed, change in temperature and energy released in the form of heat/light/sound |
| Reactants → Products | A + B → C + D |
| Law of conservation | States that matter cannot be created or destroyed |
| Chemical reactions | Bond breaking and forming that leads to the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances |
| Synthesis reaction | A + B → AB Chemical reactions in which 2 or more substances reacts to from a new product |
| Decomposition reaction | AB → A + B Chemical reactions in which a single reactant breaks down into 2 or more products |
| Exothermic reactions | Chemical reactions that generate heat to the surrounding and are warm to touch |
| Endothermic reactions | Chemical reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings and are often cool to touch |
| Combustion | Example of exothermic reactions, they occur whenever something reacts with oxygen gas, to produce heat + light |
| Complete combustion | More heat and light is produced and oxygen supply is not limited |
| Complete combustion word equation | Octane + oxygen gas → carbon dioxide + water vapour |
| Incomplete combustion | This is still an exothermic reaction, but it produces less heat and light as the oxygen supply is restricted |
| Incomplete combustion word equation | Methane + oxygen gas → carbon monoxide + water vapour |
| Corrosion | Reaction of metals with oxygen, it breaks down these metals to form other compounds (example of a synthesis reaction) |
| Rusting | Irons reacts with the air and water (this is a specific type of corrosion) |
| Rusting word equation | Iron + oxygen gas → Iron (III) oxide |
| Acid | A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) into aqueous solutions |
| Base | A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) into aqueous solutions |
| Properties of acids | Corrosive, have a sour taste, conduct electricity, react with some metals - releasing hydrogen gas and leaving salt behind |
| Properties of bases | Caustic, have a soapy slimy feel, conduct electricity, are neutralised by acids |
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl |
| Nitric acid | HNO3 |
| Sulfuric acid | C6H8O7 |
| Calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)2 |
| Sodium hydroxide | NaOH |
| Potassium hydroxide | NH3 |
| Acid & reactive metals | Acid + reactive metals → Salt + hydrogen gas |
| Acid & metal carbonates | Acid + metal carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide |
| Acid & bases | Acid + base → Salt + water |
Created by:
neesie
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