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AP CHAP 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Together, the ___system and the ____system coordinate and execute communication throughout the body | nervous, endocrine |
| True or false: Hormones are released into the extracellular space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. | T |
| Steroid hormones are synthesized from ____, while nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from _____ | cholesterol, amino acids |
| Indicate some mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects. | They alter the metabolic activities of tissues.They may alter the rate of transport of chemicals across the cell membrane.They may change the activity of an enzyme. |
| Choose all of the following that are major glands of the endocrine system. | thymus, thyroid, pancreas |
| Hormones are released into the _______ space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. | extracellular |
| Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition, ______ hormones and _____ hormones | steroid; nonsteroid |
| In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific ___ | receptors |
| Prostaglandins are potent locally-acting paracrine substances that are _____. | made when needed in small amounts |
| Which of the following is a unique feature of the endocrine system? | Its organs are not anatomically adjacent to each other. |
| True or false: Hormones are released into the extracellular space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. | T |
| There are three general mechanisms that regulate hormone secretion and they all involve ______. | negative feedback |
| Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | pituitary gland |
| The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor? | the presence and number of appropriate receptors |
| Choose all characteristics of prostaglandins. | They are paracrine substances.They are not stored in cells and are synthesized just before they are released.They are rapidly inactivated after their release. |
| True or false: The posterior lobe of the pituitary consists mainly of nervous tissue. | T |
| The thyroid gland is a vascular structure made of two lateral ___connected by a broad isthmus. | lobes |
| Compounds called ___are potent paracrine substances that are made when needed and released in small amounts. | Prostaglandins |
| What structure secretes hormones but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue? | posterior lobe of the pituitary |
| Histologically, the thyroid is composed of sacs called thyroid ______. | follicles |
| The isthmus connects the two lobes of the _____. | thyroid gland |
| The term thyroid hormone refers to two hormones produced by the thyroid gland, _____ (or T4) and _____(also known as T3). | thyroxine, triiodothyronine |
| The secretions of the neuronal axons found in the posterior pituitary are considered hormones and not neurotransmitters because they enter the ___ | bloodstream |
| The parathyroid glands are small glands located on the ______ surface of the thyroid gland. | posterior |
| The cavities of follicles in the thyroid gland are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells called _____ cells. | follicular |
| The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the ___ | isthmus |
| What gland is a small, yellowish brown structure covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue? | parathyroid gland |
| The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine are collectively known as _____. | thyroid hormone |
| PTH, also known as parathormone is secreted by the _____ glands. | parathyroid |
| In most individuals, there are four parathyroid glands, as each of the thyroid's bilateral lobes is associated with a(n) ____and a(n) ____ parathyroid gland. | superior& inferior |
| Describe the location of the adrenal glands? | They are superior to the kidneys. |
| There are four ____glands, each a small, yellowish brown structure covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue. | parathyroid |
| What hormones are secreted by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? | norepinephrine, epinephrine |
| True or false: The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. | F |
| Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others are secreted by which gland? | anterior pituitary |
| What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone? | adrenal cortex |
| Where is the pancreas located? | posterior to the stomach, posterior to the parietal peritoneum |
| What are some effects of glucagon? | stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g., amino acids) into glucose, stimulates the liver to break down glycogen,raises blood glucose levels |
| The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____. | medulla; cortex |
| The pancreas is located retroperitoneally and ______. | posterior to the stomach |
| What organs are components of the endocrine system because they produce hormones? | pineal gland, reproductive organs, thymus, certain cells of the digestive tract, heart, and kidneys |
| Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by the pancreatic hormone ___ | Glucagon |
| Which endocrine gland is located in the brain? | pineal gland |
| What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone? | adrenal cortex |
| Where is the thymus located? | in the mediastinum |
| True or false: Certain cells of the digestive tract, the heart, and the kidneys are components of the endocrine system. | T |
| The pancreatic hormone that stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels is ____ | Glucagon |
| The testes secrete ______. | testosterone |
| Which of the following are cells found in the pineal gland? | pineal cells, neuroglia |
| The stress response is mediated by what system(s)? | both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system |
| The ______ lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. | thymus |
| The ___and the ____function mainly in reproduction, but also produce and secrete hormones. | ovary & testes |
| The pineal gland consists of specialized pineal cells and supportive_____ | Neuroglia |
| Environmental factors that are harmful or potentially harmful to tissues can result in ___stress. | physical stress |
| The body's stress response begins with an immediate ____ stage, followed by a long-term ____ stage. | alarm; resistance |
| The term general adaptation syndrome refers to the body's response to ___- | stress |
| Stress responses include ________ activity of the sympathetic nervous system and ________ secretion of adrenal hormones. | increase & increase |
| The stress response is mediated by what system(s)? | both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system |
Created by:
Thuythi15