Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Coms 101 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Public Speaking | a teachable, learnable process of developing, supporting, organizing, and orally presenting ideas. |
| Audience-centered public speaker | someone who considers and adapts to the audience at every stage of the public speaking process |
| public speaking anxiety | stage fright or speaker anxiety; ansiety about speaking in public that is manifested in physiological symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, butterflies in the stomach, shaking knees and hands, quivering voice, and increased perspiration |
| illusion of transparency | the mistaken belief that the physical manifestations of a speaker’s nervousness are apparent to an audience |
| habituation | the process of becoming more comfortable as you speak |
| general purpose | the broad reason for giving a speech: to inform, to presaud, or to entertain as audience |
| specific purpose | a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the speech |
| central idea | a definitive point about a topic |
| declarative sentence | a complete sentence that makes a statement as opposed to asking a question |
| main ideas | subdivisions of the central idea of a speech that provide detailed points of focus for developing the speech. |
| supporting material | verbal or visual material that clarifies, amplifies, and provides evidence to support the main ideas of a presentation |
| vertical search engine | a website that indexes information on the World Wide Web in a specialized area |
| Boolean search | a web search that ties words together so that a search engine can hunt for the resulting phrasing |
| online database | a subscription-based electronic resource that may offer access to abstract or the full texts of entries in addition to bibliographic data |
| stacks | the collection of books in a library |
| reference resources | material housed in the referenced section of a library, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, almanacs, and books of quotations |
| illustration | a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing |
| hypothetical illustration | an example or story that has not actually occurred |
| description | a word picture |
| explanation | a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present or past form |
| definition | a statement of what something means |
| classification | a type of definition that first places a term in the general class to which it belongs and then differentiates it from all other members of that class |
| operational definition | a definition that shows how a term works or what it does |
| analogy | a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that demonstrates how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands |
| literal analogy | a comparison between two similar things |
| figurative analogy | a comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends |
| statistics | numerical data that summarize examples - Round off large numbers - Use visual aids to present your statistics - Cite the sources of your statistics |
| expert testimony | the opinion of someone who is an acknowledged expert in the field under discussion |
| lay testimony | the opinion of someone who experienced an event or situation firsthand |
| literary quotation | a citation from a work of fiction or nonfiction, a poem, or another speech |
| plagiarism | the presentation of someone else’s words or ideas without acknowledging the course |
| oral citation | the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and publication date |
| Webpage needs | Accountability, Accuracy, Objectivity, Timeliness, Usability, Diversity |
| Topical Organization | organixation determined by the speaker’s discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity |
| Recency | arrangement of ideas from least important to most important, or from weakest to strongest - Audience remembers best what they heard last |
| Primacy | arrangement of ideas from most important to least important or from strongest to weakest - Focus on discuss the least controversial topics first |
| Complexity | arranging ideas from simple to more complex |
| Chronological organization | organized by time or sequence |
| Spatial organization | organized according to location, position, or direction |
| cause and effect organization | organized by discussing a situation and its effects, or a situation and its causes |
| problem and solution organization | organized by discussing first a problem and then various solutions |
| Specificity | organized from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information |
| Soft Evidence | illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions |
| Hard Evidence | Statistics |
| Signpost | a verbal or nonverbal organizational signal |
| Preview | a statement of what is to come |
| Initial Preview | first statement of the main ideas of a speech, usually presented with or near the central idea. |
| Internal Preview | a preview within the speech that introduces ideas still to come. |
| Transition | a word, phase, or nonverbal cue that indicates movement from one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas |
| Verbal Transition | a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas - Firstly, secondly, thirdly |
| Nonverbal Transition | a facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next |
| Summary | Recap of what has been said |
| Internal Summary | a recap within the speech of what has been said so far |
| Final Summary | a recap of all the main points of a speech, usually occurring just before or during the conclusion |
| Introduction | opening lines of a speech, which must catch the audience’s attention, introduce the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish the speaker’s credibility, state the central idea, and preview the main ideas. |
| Conclusion | closing lines of a speech, which leaves a final impression |
| Closure | the sense that a speech is finished |
| Preparation Outline | a detailed outline of a speech that includes the central idea, main ideas, and supporting material, and may also include the specific purpose, introduction and conclusion |
| Standard Outline Format | conventional use of numbered and lettered heading sand subheadings to indicate the relationships among parts of a speech |
| manuscript speaking | reading a presentation from a written text |
| memorized speaking | delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes |
| impromptu speaking | delivering a presentation without advance preparation |
| extemporaneous speaking | delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed speech without having memorized the exact wording |
| specific word | a word that refers to an individual member of a general class |
| concrete word | a word that refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in the most specific way possible. |
| simple word | a word known to most people who speak the same language. |
| vivid word | a colorful word |
| Thesaurus | a list of synonyms |
| Correct word | a word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears |
| unbiased word | a word that does not stereotype, discriminate against, or insult any gender, ethnic, cultural, or religious group |
| figurative language | language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable |
| metaphor | an implied comparison between two things |
| simile | an overt comparison between two things that uses the word like or as |
| personification | the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas |
| drama | a characteristic of a speech created when something is phrased in a way that differs from the way the audience expects |
| omission | strip a phrase or sentence of nonessentiual words |
| inversion | reversing the normal order of words |
| suspension | a third way to create drama through sentence structures |
| cadence | the rhythm of language |
| parallelism | using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences |
| antithesis | contrasting the meanings of the two parts of a parallel structure |
| repetition | emphasizing a key word or phrase by using it more than once |
| alliteration | the repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence |
| eye contact | looking at an audience during a presentation |
| physical delivery | a person's gestures, movement, and posture which influence how a message is interpreted |
| gestures | movement of the hands and arms to communicate ideas |
| movement | a change of location during a presentation |
| posture | a speaker’s stance |
| facial expression | an arrangement of the facial muscles to communicate thoughts, emotions, and attitudes |
| vocal delivery | nonverbal voice cues, including volume, pitch, rate, and articulation |
| volume | the softness or loudness of a speaker’s voice |
| pitch | how high or low a speaker’s voice is |
| inflection | variation in vocal pitch |
| rate | how fast or slowly a speaker speaks |
| pause | a few seconds of silence during a speech, used both to slow a fast pace and to signal a key idea |
| articulation | the production of clear and distinct speech sounds |
| dialect | a consistent style of pronunciation and articulation that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region |
| appearance | a speaker’s dress and grooming |
| presentation aid | any tangible item used to help communicate ideas to an audience |
| bar graph | a graph consisting of bars of various lengths that represent numbers or percentages |
| pie graph | a circular graph that shows how a set of data is divided proportionately |
| line graph | a graph that shows trends over a period of time and relationships among variables |
| Inform | to share information with others to enhance their knowledge or understanding of their information, concepts, and ideas you present. |
| Word picture | vivid description that invites listeners to draw on their senses |
| Adult learning principles | preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn. - Relevant information they can use immediately - Active involvement in the learning process - Connections between the new information and their life experiences |
| TEACH | Tell, Example, Apply, Coach, Help |
| Persuasion | the process of attempting to change or reinforce a listener’s attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior |
| Coercion | the use of force to get another person to think or behave as you wish; coercion is unethical because it take away free choice. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | the sense of mental disorganization or imbalance that may prompt a person to change when new information conflicts with perviously organized thought patterns. |
| Hierarchy of needs | Physocial needs: food, water, air Safety needs: need to feel safe and protect those we love Social needs: need to be loved and the need to belong to a group Self-esteem needs: judgement of self-worth Self-actualization needs: highest potential |
| elaboration likelihood model | a contemporary theory that people can be persuaded both directly and indirectly |
| proposition | a claim with which you want your audience to agree |
| proposition of fact | a claim that something is or is not the case or that something did or did not happen |
| proposition of value | a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something |
| proposition of policy | a claim advocating a specific action to change a regulation, procedure, or behavior |
| rhetoric | the process of discovering the available emans of persuasion |
| ethos | the credibility or ethical character of a speaker |
| logos | logical arguments |
| pathos | emotional appeals |
| credibility | an audiences’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism |
| competence | an aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, and knowledgeable |
| trustworthiness | an aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest |
| dynamism | whether the speaker is perceived as energetic |
| charisma | talent, charm, and attractiveness |
| initial credibility | the impression of a speaker’s credibility that listeners have before the speaker begins to speak |
| derived credibility | the impression of a speaker’s credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the speech |
| terminal credibility | the final impression listerns have of a speaker’s credibility, after the speech has been concluded. |
| proof | evidence plus reasoning |
| evidence | the material used to support a point or premise |
| reasoning | the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence |
| inductive reasoning | using specific instances or examples to reach a probable general conclusion |
| reasoning by analogy | a special kind of inductive reasoning that draws a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that share some essential common feature |
| deductive reasoning | moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion |
| syllogism | a three-part argument, including a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion |
| causal reasoning | relating two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others |
| logical fallacy | attempting to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate |
| bandwagon fallacy | suggesting that because everyone believe somrthing or does soemthing it must be valid, accurate, or effective |
| either-or fallacy | oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices |
| hasty generalization | reaching a conclusion without adequate supporting evidence |
| personal attack | attacking irrelevant personal characteristics of someone connected with an idea, rather than addressing the idea itself |
| red herring | using irrelevant facts or information to distract someone from the issue under discussion |
| appeal to misplaced authority | using someone without the appropriate credentials or expertise to endorse an idea or product |
| non sequitur | presenting an idea or conclusion that does not logically follow the previous idea or conclusion. - latin for “it does not follow” |
| refutation | organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments |
| motivated sequence | Alan H. Monroe’s five step plan for organizing a persuasive message - Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
| visualization | a word picture of the future |
| positive visualizations | a word picture of how much better things will be if a solution is implemented |
| negative visualizations | a word picture of how much worse things will be if a solution is not implemented; a fear appeal |
Created by:
CatLOV