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Pathogoly terms 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Congenital absence of one or more limbs. | Amelia |
| Failure of tissue or an organ to develop normally. | Aplasia |
| A wasting; decrease in the size of an organ or tissue. | Atrophy |
| A congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline. | Cleft palate |
| The deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury. | Degeneration |
| Necrotic tissue due to a reduction in arterial blood supply to a body part that remains aseptic. | Dry gangrene (Ischemic necrosis) |
| Abnormal protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue through a weak spot in the wall that normally contains it. | Hernia |
| The increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of its cells. | Hyperplasia |
| The enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in the size of the cells composing it. | Hypertrophy |
| Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or the body. | Hypoplasia |
| The passage and accumulation of a substance into cells, tissues, or organs. | Infiltration |
| A defect or deformity. | Malformation (Anomaly) |
| Replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there. | Metaplasia |
| Necrotic tissue resulting from inadequate venous drainage accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria. | Moist gangrene |
| Pathological death of cells, tissues, and organs while still a part of the living organism. | Necrosis |
| A congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent. | Phocomelia |
| Normal or pathological coloration of skin or tissues. | Pigmentation |
| The replacement of damaged cells with normal cells of the same type. | Regeneration |
| A congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or there is incomplete closure. | Spina bifida |
| A localized accumulation of pus. | Abscess |
| Several communicating boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the production and discharge of pus and dead tissue. | Carbuncle |
| Any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris. | Exudate |
| An abscess or pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle. | Furuncle (Boil) |
| Excess of blood in an area of the body. | Hyperemia (referred to as "pathological" when caused by disease processes.) |
| A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes a loss of function. | Inflammation |
| A circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue. | Lesion |
| Increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. | Leukocytosis (sometimes referred to as phagocytosis) |
| A small elevation of skin containing pus | Pustule |
| The replacement of damaged cells with normal cells of the same type. | Regeneration |
| The replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue. | Repair |
| The termination of the inflammatory response with the affected part returning to homeostasis. | Resolution |
| An open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue. | Ulcer |
| A blister-like elevation of skin containing serous fluid. | Vesicle |
| A general state of ill health associated with emaciation. | Cachexia |
| A closed sac or pouch with a definite wall that contains fluid, semi-fluid, or solid material. | Cyst |
| Loss of moisture from body tissue. | Dehydration |
| Excessive wasting away of the body. | Emaciation |
| Escape of blood from the vascular system. | Hemorrhage |
| The abnormal, excessive, and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue. | Neoplasm (tumor) |
| A growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane. | Polyp |
| Generalized accumulation of serous fluid; generalized edema. | Anasarca |
| The accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. | Ascites |
| Superficial bleeding under the skin or a mucous membrane; a bruise. | Ecchymosis |
| Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities. | Edema |
| The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris. | Embolism |
| Bleeding from the nose. | Epistaxis |
| Loss of blood to the point where life may no longer be sustained. | Exsanguination |
| Vomiting of blood. | Hematemesis |
| A tumor-like swelling of blood. | Hematoma |
| Blood in the urine. | Hematuria |
| Blood in sputum. | Hemoptysis |
| Escape of blood from the vascular system. | Hemorrhage |
| Abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially the scrotum. | Hydrocele |
| Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. | Hydrocephalus |
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac. | Hydropericardium |
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity. | Hydrothorax |
| Excess of blood in an area of the body. | Hyperemia |
| Death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply. | Infarction |
| Reduction in arterial blood supply. | Ischemia |
| Blood in stool. | Melena |
| Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin. | Petechia |
| Condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin. | Purpura |
| The formation or presence of an attached blood clot. | Thrombosis |
| A decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both. | Anemia |
| A localized dilation of a blood vessel. | Aneurysm |
| A disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. | Arteriosclerosis |
| A form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls. | Atherosclerosis |
| The condition of the heart being enlarged due to stretching as a result of disease. | Dilatation (Dilation) |
| An increase in the number of red blood cells. | Erythrocytosis |
| A hereditary bleeding disorder marked by a deficiency of blood-clotting proteins. | Hemophilia |
| The enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in the size of the cells composing it. | Hypertrophy |
| A malignancy of the hematopoietic tissues characterized by a massive increase in the number of white blood cells present in the body. | Leukemia |
| Increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. | Leukocytosis |
| Abnormal reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood. | Leukopenia |
| Condition in which spontaneous bleeding occurs in the subcutaneous tissues, causing the appearance of purple patches on the skin. | Purpura |
| Abnormal constriction of a passageway or orifice. | Stenosis |
| The formation or presence of an attached blood clot. | Thrombosis |
| Failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood. | Valvular insufficiency (Incompetence) |
| condition in which cells exhibit decreased functionality due to the intake of water | Cellular swelling |
| deposit of abnormal amounts of fat in the cytoplasm of cells or the replacement of infiltration of tissues by fat cells | Fatty degeneration |
| starch-like build-up in cells that decreases the ability to function normally | Amyloid disease |
| local excess of blood in a bruise ("endo-" = "inside") | Endogenous |
| coal dust inhalation causing pneumoconiosis | Exogenous |
| a build-up of calcium in a blood clot, forming a solid, immovable blockage | Calcification |
| a build-up of uric acid in the joints of the body | Gout |
| necrosis with soft, dry, cheese-like formations | Caseous |
| death of tissue usually from deficient or absent blood supply | Gangrene |
| gangrene in a wound infected by gas-forming microorganisms such as Clostridium perfringens | Gas gangrene |
| occurs as a result of age or sedentary lifestyle | Physiological Atrophy |
| diminished blood supply or paralysis | Pathological Atrophy |
| increase in SIZE of cells/tissue due to activity such as weight lifting | Physiological Hypertrophy |
| occurs when cells have been damaged; e.g. myocardial infarction resulting in an increase in size of heart cells to compensate | Pathological Hypertrophy |
| difference is absence of disease; e.g. a person born with one kidney (one viable kidney increases in size to compensate) | Compensatory Hypertrophy |
| increase in size of cells/tissue due to normal growth (i.e. increase in NUMBER of cells/tissue ...not size of cells/tissue, as in hypertrophy) | Physiological Hyperplasia |
| can occur after injury or infection | Pathological Hyperplasia |
| can occur after removal of part of an organ (e.g. liver) | Compensatory Hyperplasia |
| An example can be seen in those who regularly smoke cigarettes; the healthy epithelial cells of the airway are replaced by squamous cells that are better able to withstand exposure to smoke. | example Metaplasia |
| presence of one or more extra fingers or toes | Polydactylism |
| a condition in which individuals have difficulties identifying various colors and shades of colors | Color blindness |
| a birthmark | Vascular nevus |
| a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities. | Down's Syndrome |
| Inflammation 1. Functions | Destroy and remove injurious agents from the body b. Limit the extent of the injury or disease process c. Serves as a mechanism for repair |
| Inflammation causes | Physical irritants - heat, cold, electricity, trauma b. Chemical irritants - corrosives c. Infectious agents - bacteria, viruses, fungi |
| Inflammation causes | d. Immunological reactions - a person's own antibodies acting against its own tissues *Autoimmune disease results from the body's inability to recognize natural tissue from a foreign antigen |
| Process of Inflammation (both vascular and cellular) | Causative agent attacks cells (or tissue) b. Cellular damage occurs c. Chemicals released from the dying cells d. Body responds in the following ways: |
| d. Body responds in the following ways: | Active pathological hyperemia - Leukocytosis Formation of exudate Fever and antibody production increased Containment and neutralization of the causative agent |
| Cardinal signs of inflammation | Heat b. Redness c. Swelling d. Pain e. Diminished function See the table in the text for the corresponding scientific names of each sign of inflammation. |
| Types of exudate | Purulent (suppurative) - forming or containing pus b. Hemorrhagic - containing blood c. Serous - contains clear, thin watery plasma (clear portion of blood) |
| not recurrent or progressive | Benign |
| harmful, potentially fatal cancerous growth | Malignant |
| Characteristics a. Benign | grow by expansion 2) encapsulated 3) do not migrate (do not metastasize) 4) do not cause extensive tissue damage 5) resemble tissue from which they originated generally do not return after surgical removal generally are not fatal |
| Malignant Characteristics | grow by infiltration non-encapsulated making them harder for the body to fight metastasize creating secondary foci cause extensive tissue damage not resemble tissue surrounding it can reoccur when surgically removed lethal unless treated |
| fibro- | fibrous tissue |
| hemangio- | blood vessels |
| lymphangio- | lymphatic vessels |
| meningi- | brain covering |
| leiomyo- | smooth muscle |
| rhabdomyo- | skeletal muscle |
| forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and is the major tissue of glands. | Epithelieal tissue |
| a benign tumor made of glandular epithelial cells, usually arranged like a gland | Adenoma |
| a benign epithelial tumor | Papilloma |
| a pigmented mole | Nevus |
| supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs (e.g. bone, cartilage, fat, blood, lymphatic tissue. | Connective tissue |
| a benign bony tumor | Osteoma |
| a slow-growing, painless cartilaginous tumor | Chondroma |
| benign fatty tumor | Lipoma |
| a benign tumor arising from cells derived from vessels | Angioma |
| a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue | Fibroma |
| a benign tumor of striated muscular tissue. | Rhabdomyoma |
| a benign tumor of smooth muscle. | Leiomyoma |
| benign tumor composed of nerve cells. | Neuroma |
| which denotes a tumor in the body's connective tissue (e.g. fat, blood/lymph vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, cartilage, and tendons.) | "-sarcoma" |
| which denotes a tumor in the skin or tissue (epithelial) cells that line the body's internal organs (e.g. kidney, liver, etc.) | -carcinoma |
| layer of cells forming epidermis of skin and and surface layer of mucous and serous membranes | Epithelial tissue |
| a malignant tumor of darkly pigmented cells (melanocytes) that often arises in a brown or black mole. | Melanoma |
| carcinoma that develops primarily from stratified epithelium | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| a malignant tumor that originates in glandular epithelial tissues | Adenocarcinoma |
| a carcinoma that originates in cells that line the urinary tract | Transitional cell carcinoma |
| a form of skin cancer usually caused by exposure to sun or other forms of ultraviolet light | Basal cell carcinoma |
| tissue that supports and connects other tissues and parts of the body (e.g. bones, ligaments, vessels, etc.) | Connective tissue - 2.1 lesson |
| a sarcoma composed of bony tissue. | Osteosarcoma |
| a cartilaginous sarcoma. | Chondrosarcoma |
| a malignant tumor derived from embryonal fat cells. | Liposarcoma |
| a malignant tumor originating from cells derived from vessels. | Angiosarcoma |
| a sarcoma containing a large amount of fibrous connective tissue. | Fibrosarcoma |
| a malignant neoplasm originating from lymphocytes. | Lymphoma |
| a malignant tumor consisting principally of striated muscle. | Rhabdomyosarcoma |
| a malignant tumor consisting principally of smooth muscle. | Leiomyosarcoma |
| a malignant tumor of neuroglial cells (protective cells of the central nervous system.) | Glioma |
| a fluid-filled cyst that develops in the ovary and consists of one or more chambers. | Ovarian cyst |
| a cyst of a sweat gland. | Sebaceous cyst |
| in some cases, major restorative work may be required. | Tissue deformation |
| tumors can interfere with distribution of embalming solution. | Extravascular obstruction |
| Edema 1. Causes | Increased permeability of capillary walls b. Increased capillary pressure due to heart failure c. Inflammatory conditions d. Venous or lymphatic obstruction |
| due to an increase in arterial blood supply to an organ | Active hyperemia |
| Active physiological hyperemia | increased blood supply to muscles during exercise 2) increased blood supply to the skin to reduce the body's temperature |
| Active pathological hyperemia | inflammatory response produces increased blood flow to injured tissue |
| due to inadequate venous drainage | Passive hyperemia |
| Passive hyperemia | thrombosis of vein prevents flow of blood b. vessel walls may become thickened c. pressure on vasculature from extravascular lesion (tumor) d. decrease in heart's pumping power leads to backflow of blood in veins |
| Ischemia 1. Causes | Obstruction by a thrombus (clot attached to vessel wall) or embolus (object freely moving in bloodstream) b. External pressure - a common example is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer) where the pressure of the person's body lying in a bed prevents blood from |
| Thrombosis 1. Causes | Injuries to blood vessels b. Slow rate of blood flow c. Blood diseases d. Alterations in blood composition e. Eddies (swirls) in blood |
| Location of thrombi | Veins b. Heart c. Coronary arteries |
| Consequences of thrombosis | Ischemia b. Passive hyperemia c. Gangrene d. Infarction - death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply; a myocardial infartion is death of heart muscle tissue due to ischemia |
| Types of emboli | Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumor cells d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies |
| Consequences of embolism | Ischemia - a reduction in arterial blood supply (e.g. ischemic necrosis) b. Infarction c. Spread of infection d. Necrosis |
| is the death of tissue on a living organism due to a lack of blood supply to that area. | Ischemic necrosis |
| Hemorrhage 1. Causes | Trauma b. Diseases of blood vessels c. Hypertension (high blood pressure) d. Diseases of the blood |
| Postmortem Conditions and Embalming Implications | Diminished circulation can hinder proper distribution of embalming fluid into the tissues. 2. Consider using a pre-injection or co-injection fluids (clot reducers) prior to arterial fluid injection. 3. May need to consider multiple site injections. |
| Postmortem Conditions and Embalming Implications | Massage may aid in distribution. 5. Observe any areas with increased swelling to determine if an obstruction may be present. 6. Edema in the body tissues may dilute the embalming fluid, so a stronger index may be necessary. |
| types of anemia in which there is a decrease in the production of red blood cells. | Primary anemia |
| improper growth/impaired function of bone marrow | Aplastic anemia |
| inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12, which is essential for the production of red blood cells | Pernicious anemia |
| types of anemia in which there is an increased loss or destruction of red blood cells. | Secondary anemia |
| hereditary condition characterized by crescent- or sickle-shaped red blood cells | Sickle cell anemia |
| resulting from hemolysis | Hemolytic anemia |
| refers to the production of ALL types of blood cells, primarily in the bone marrow (red blood cells), lymphatic system, liver, and spleen (white blood cells.) | "Hematopoietic |
| severely reduced platelet (thrombocyte) count, which greatly increases the risk of hemorrhaging. | Thrombocytopenia |
| Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels Predisposing Factors | Heredity 2. Obesity 3. Diabetes 4. Elevated cholesterol levels 5. Social factors a. Smoking b. Substance abuse c. Stress d. Diet |
| inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining) of the heart (may include heart valves or cardiac septum) | Endocarditis |
| narrowing of the valvular orifice | Valvular stenosis |
| excessive stretching of the valves | Valvular prolapse |
| inflammation of the pericardium (lining around the heart) | Pericarditis |
| inflammation of the heart muscle (the prefix "myo-" means muscle) | Myocarditis |
| Caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. | Rheumatic heart disease |
| caused by narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries due to arteriosclerosis. | Coronary artery disease |
| formation of an area of necrosis (i.e. an "infarct") in the heart muscle; commonly referred to as a heart attack. | Acute *Myocardial infarction - |
| condition in which the heart cannot sufficiently pump out as much blood as the venous system supplies it, resulting in the congestion of blood in the ventricles and throughout the body. | Chronic *Congestive heart failure |
| hypertrophy of the left ventricle brought on by high blood pressure | Hypertensive heart disease |
| disease of the heart muscle due to a variety of causes | Cardiomyopathy |
| inflammation of the heart | Carditis |
| inflammation of an artery | . Arteritis |
| inflammation of a vein | Phlebitis |
| enlarged, often twisted veins deformed by excessive venous blood pressure; usually found in the legs. | Varicose veins |
| Intravascular resistance | Disrupt flow of arterial solution 2. Disrupt drainage (venous side issues) |
| Fragility of vessels | Consider lower pressure and/or rate of flow |
| Use of pre- and co-injection chemicals | Anticoagulant 2. Surfactant |
| Types of exudate | Purulent (suppurative) - forming or containing pus b. Hemorrhagic - containing blood c. Serous - contains clear, thin watery plasma (clear portion of blood) |
| forming or containing pus | Purulent (suppurative) |
| containing blood | Hemorrhagic |
| contains clear, thin watery plasma (clear portion of blood) | Serous |
| Which type of exudate would you expect to see from a vesicle? | Serous |
| layer of cells forming epidermis of skin and and surface layer of mucous and serous membranes | Epithelial tissue |
| This condition does not imply an increased volume of blood within the circulatory system or body, but that a portion of the body's regular amount of blood is in excess in a certain part of the body. | Hyperemia |
| Which of these conditions would most likely cause tissue swelling during arterial injection of the body? | Passive hyperemia |
| Which of these conditions would likely be caused by an embolism? | Infarction |
| Which of these conditions refers to an increase in arterial blood supply to an organ? | Active hyperemia |
| If a blood test showed a slightly elevated white blood cell count, which of these conditions would you most likely have? | Leukocytosis |
| A severely-reducted platelet count would most likely indicate which of these conditions? | Thrombocytopenia |
| condition in which the heart cannot sufficiently pump out as much blood as the venous system supplies it, resulting in the congestion of blood in the ventricles and throughout the body. | Congestive heart failure |
| thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls | Arteriosclerosis |
| plaque buildup in the artery | Atherosclerosis |
Created by:
jcowing