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SP14 chpt8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What physical changes occur in adolescence that mark the transition to a mature young adult? | Dramatic increases in height, weight, and changes in body’s fat and muscle content |
| What factors cause the physical changes associated with puberty? | The pituitary releases a growth hormone, which stimulates other glands to produce estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys |
| How do physical changes affect adolescents’ psychological development? | Physical changes can lead to moodiness, greater irritability, and impulsivity, but not necessarily increased overall moodiness |
| What are the two changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood during puberty? | Dramatic increases in height, weight, and changes in body composition; Changes in reproductive organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is the approximate daily calorie requirement for adolescent girls? | ~2,200 calories per day |
| What is the primary sex characteristic associated with menarche in girls? | Onset of menstruation |
| What is the term for the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-containing fluid in boys? | Spermarche |
| At what age does the adolescent growth spurt typically begin for girls? | Girls begin the growth spurt about 2 years before boys |
| What is the term for the process of myelination and synaptic pruning nearing completion in the brain during adolescence? | Brain maturation |
| What part of the brain reaches maturity during adolescence and helps regulate reward, desire, pleasure, and emotional experiences? | Limbic system |
| What is the term for physical signs of maturity not directly linked to reproduction? | Secondary sex characteristics |
| How does menarche timing in girls vary based on stress levels | Girls start menarche earlier when stressed (e.g., when mothers had harshly punished them or had stressful relationships themselves) |
| How do girls typically respond to menarche? | Girls usually share the news with mothers right away and later with friends |
| What is the term for the belief that moral principles are subjective and can vary across individuals and cultures? | Moral relativism |
| How does information-processing capacity change in adolescence? | It remains relatively stable |
| What is the term for the period during adolescence when childhood cognitive processes are "tweaked" to adult levels? | Information processing |
| What is the term for the process of rapidly changing childhood cognitive processes being "tweaked" to adult levels during adolescence? | Cognitive development |
| How does adolescents' working memory capacity compare to that of adults? | Adolescents' working memory capacity is about the same as adults |
| What do adolescents become skilled at during problem-solving and reasoning? | Finding weaknesses in arguments or flaws in reasoning |
| What are the two levels of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory? | Preconventional and conventional |
| According to Kohlberg's theory, what is the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning? | Obedience to authority |
| According to Kohlberg's theory, what is the first stage of conventional moral reasoning? | Live up to others' expectations |
| According to Kohlberg's theory, what is the first stage of postconventional moral reasoning? | Adhere to a social contract when it is valid |
| How do individuals progress through Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? | Individuals progress sequentially through the stages in a specific order, without skipping stages |
| ow are moral reasoning and moral behavior linked? | Moral reasoning is often consistent with moral behavior |
| What did Carol Gilligan criticize in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning? | Kohlberg's theory was geared towards Western men and did not adequately account for the ethics of care emphasized by women |
| What can promote more sophisticated reasoning about moral issues? | Open discussion of moral dilemmas with someone who reasons at a higher stage and religious involvement and communities |
| How does TV influence eating habits in adolescents? | TV affects eating habits through ads about tasty, fatty foods |
| What is the term for the eating disorder marked by an irrational fear of being overweight? | Anorexia |
| What is the recommended duration and frequency of regular physical activity for adolescents? | 30 minutes of exercise at least three times a week |
| How does participating in organized sports affect self-esteem in adolescents? | Organized sports have been shown to enhance self-esteem in adolescents |
| What are the common obstacles to healthy growth in adolescence? | Inadequate nutrition, lack of exercise, and engagement in risky behaviors |
| What is the term for the thinking that others will be harmed but not the self? | Illusion of invulnerability |
| How does content knowledge of adolescents compare to that of adults? | Adolescents are equally knowledgeable to adults in certain domains and more knowledgeable in others |
| What kind of cognition do adolescents typically use during problem-solving? | Analytical and logical cognition |
| How do adolescents reason about moral issues according to Kohlberg's theory | They progress through stages that involve different levels of moral reasoning |
| How do concern for justice and caring for others contribute to moral reasoning | Concern for justice and caring for others help shape and influence moral reasoning |
| What did longitudinal studies show regarding the progression through Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? | People do progress sequentially through the stages and do not skip stages |
| How does moral reasoning vary across different cultures? | Different cultures may emphasize different moral principles and resolve moral dilemmas differently |
| What are some factors that can promote more advanced moral reasoning? | Open discussion of moral dilemmas and someone who reasons at a higher stage, and religious involvement and communities |
| What is the term for the process of axonal myelinization allowing for more rapid neural communication in adolescence? | Information processing efficiency |
| How does working memory capacity change in adolescence? | It remains relatively stable and similar to that of adults |
| How does content knowledge influence adolescent cognition? | Increased content knowledge enables adolescents to learn, understand, and remember new experiences more effectively |
| What do adolescents become skilled at during problem-solving and reasoning | Finding weaknesses in arguments or flaws in reasoning |
| How does the situation affect moral reasoning in adolescents? | The situation can influence whether care reasoning or justice reasoning dominates |
| What did Carol Gilligan criticize in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning? | Gilligan criticized the theory for being biased towards Western men and neglecting the ethics of care emphasized by women |
| How does physical activity affect self-esteem in adolescents? | Regular physical activity, including participation in organized sports, has been shown to enhance self-esteem |
| What are some of the obstacles to healthy growth in adolescence? | Inadequate nutrition, lack of exercise, and engagement in risky behaviors |
| What is the term for the thinking that others will be harmed but not the self? | Personal fable |
| How does moral reasoning develop according to Kohlberg's theory? | Moral reasoning develops through a series of stages that build upon each other and become increasingly sophisticated |
Created by:
Producer456