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coral reef eco
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give one example each for the three major forms of symbiosis | Mutualism - coral and zooxanthellae commensalism - pearlfish that don’t feed on tissue and sea cucumbers Parasitic - sea lice and fish |
| What is the most important (conspicuous) symbiosis on coral reefs | They breathe for each other the corals give the zooxanthellae ammonia and the zooxanthellae give the corals O2 Feed coral through photosynthesis and coral feed zooxanthellae through waste Prokaryotic cyanobacteria algae and bacteria sponges |
| What other invertebrate taxa host zooxanthellae | Soft coral anemones, jellyfish, giant clams, protists (foraminiferans), sponges, and nudibranchs some |
| What are zooxanthellae? How do they reproduce and are they one species or more? | Microalgae dinoflagellate reproduce asexually by mitotic division Multiple species symbiodinum show various levels of specificity (specialist vs generalist) |
| What are some of the nutritional benefits of coral zooxanthellae symbiosis explain at least 4 | Zooxanthellae take up the phosphorusbecause the corals can’t uptake it nitrogen , CO2 and O2 Nitrogen coral eats plankton and bacteria and their waste is rich in N CO2 and O2 zooxanthellae expel the Co2 and corals take up O2 from zooxanthellae |
| Nitrogen is important for coral colony growth and reproduction what are some of the ways corals acquire nitrogen from the environment | Some corals have polyps and can take microorganisms and can convert them into nitrogen Related to symbiotic relationships Absorption from seawater special cells from tissue that can absorb nutrients in the surrounding water. |
| Since it is extremely important for reef-building corals to have zooxanthellae newly reproduced corals must have them as well how where do new corals (asexually and sexually produced) obtain their zooxanthellae? | asexually. zoo are passed through the parent tissue Sexual- vertical transmission which is given from parent to offspring or horizontal transmission planular larva uptake it from water |
| Explain another symbiosis (macro) on coral reefs other than zooxanthellae and corals. | Sponges with photosynthetic bacteria work like the zooxanthellae non-photosynthetic they cement the reef. |
| what is a holobionts | A holobiont is an assemblage of a host and the many other species living in or around it, which together form a discrete ecological unit through symbiosis, |
| How might a microbe not associated with reefs get to there and theorize their possible effects? How might new microbes be introduced to the Hawaiian reefs? | distributed to tropical reefs as a hitchhiker on a boat or through a migratory animal vector. Tumebacillus can utilize a variety of carbon sources and even oxidize sulfur. |
| Why might microbes be found at a specific location of the reef or in two different species of corals but not others? | Perhaps these microbes are transferred genetically, or in other words, high fidelity is exhibited. The microbes would be passed from parent to offspring in brooded larvae |
| Viruses weren't covered in this paper, but do you think viruses would be found in the same areas of the coral (tissues, mucus, skeleton), have the same effects on the coral, and why do you think they weren't focused on in the paper? | unless it’s a bacteriophage. If the virus has a bacterial vector, it is possible that the virus resides in the same location as the other microbes. However, viruses play a different ecological role. Viruses help regulate population and community structure |
| What bacteria in the paper would have negative effects on the corals if they were lost and why? | I would guess that the loss of Reigeria would be negatively impactful to corals. It was described as a consistent mucus associate of the study’s sample species. Ruegeria is an abundant carbon source on corals. |
| Why might certain microbes be more consistently found in the sea water then in the corals? | specialization and niches. Just as some microbes are evolved to live in coral tissues, around hydrothermal vents, or in any other specific habitat, Perhaps the seawater around coral has different abiotic conditions, |
| Lobe Coral | Porites lobata |
| Brown Lobe Coral | Porites evermanni |
| Finger Coral | Porites compressa |
| Cauliflower Coral | Pocillopora meandrina |
| Lace Coral | Pocillopora damicornis |
| Antler Coral | Pocillopora grandis |
| Rice Coral | Montipora capitata |
| Blue Rice Coral | Montipora flabellata |
| Sand Paper Coral | Montipora patula |
| Pork Chop Coral | Pavona duerdeni |
| False Brain | Pavona varians |
| fungus coral | Fungia scutaria |
| Agassiz’s Coral | Cyphastrea agassizi (Leptastrea bottae) |
| what are some of the most abundant organisms on coral reefs | bacteria, archea, fungi, protists, viruses |
| what are some of the most important ecological functions on the reef | primary production nitrogen fixation recycling/consumption of nutrients decomposition good food sources for filter feeders |
| where do microorganisms live | in the water column concentrated in surface filament on benthic layer and shallowest layer of sediments many will live in coral in the tissue skeleton or surface many form endosymbiosis different niches and needs will change where these microbes |
| what unique roles do cyanobacteria play on reefs | nitrogen fixation primary production |
| why are bacteria and archea so important on coral reefs | they are good at nutrient scavenging ( nutrient poor waters) contribute to nitrogen fixing and primary production play a role in decomposing organic matter ( coral mucas and algal detritus) |
| what are some of the most important ecological roles of virus on coral reefs | active agents of disease regulate pop. dynamics community structure regulation nutrient cycling |
| what is one thing that fungi do on reefs | decomposers ( important for breaking down dead coral) cause diseases (affect CCA that impacts structures) parasite to algal endoliths and coral polyps |
| what are copepods and what do they eat | keep microalgal pop. in check generation time of 1 week crustceans |
| how do coral larvae know or choose where to settle | chemosensory cells to sense queue and organisms recognize cue in on CCA ( crustose coralline algae) spectral cues choose red surfaces sensory decptions declines over age of algae so it favors attachment and metamorphosis early on |
Created by:
dixlog99