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Organic Chemistry

TermDefinition
Hydrocarbon A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon
Homologous Series A series of compounds of uniform chemical type, showing gradations in physical properties, having a general formula for its members, each member having a similar method of preparation, each member differing from the previous by a CH2 unit.
Structural Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Aliphatic Compound An organic compound that consists of open chains of carbon atoms and closed chain compounds that resemble them in chemical properties.
Aromatic Compounds Compounds that contain a benzene ring in their structure
Octane Number of a Fuel A measure of its tendency to resist knocking
Catalytic Cracking The breaking down of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules into short chain molecules for which there is greater demand.
Heat of Reaction The heat change when the number of moles of reactants indicated in the balanced equation for the reaction react completely.
Heat of Combustion The heat change when one mole of the substance is burned completely in excess oxygen.
Kilogram Calorific Value The heat energy produced when one Kg of the fuel is burned completely in oxygen
Bond Energy The energy required to break one mole of covalent bonds and to separate the neutral atoms completely from each other
heat of Neutralisation The heat change when one mole of H+ ions from an acid reacts with one mole of OH- ions from a base.
Hess's Law States that if a chemical reaction takes place in a number of stages, the sum of the heat changes in the separate stages equal to the heat change if the reaction is carried out in one stage.
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form of energy into another.
Functional Group An atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds.
Substitution Reaction A chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Mechanism of a Reaction The detailed step by step description of how the overall reaction occurs.
Addition Reaction A chemical reaction in which two substances react together to form a single substance.
Polymers Long chain molecules made by joining together many small chain molecules.
Organic Synthesis The process of making organic compounds from simpler starting materials
Chromatography A separation technique in which a mobile phase carrying a mixture moves in contact with a selectively adsorbent stationary phase.
Reflux A process in which reactants are boiled in a container usually a round bottom flask. The vapour that is formed in the boiling process remains in the container because of the cooking process involving the condenser attached to the round bottom flask.
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