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Micropara: Final
unti na lang pasensya q sa buhay q
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the parasites of man and their medical consequences. | Parasitology |
| GK: para = & sitos = | beside , food |
| The parasitology is a subject that researches: | the biological features of human parasites, the relationship between the human being and the parasites, the prevention and treatment of the parasitic diseases. |
| According to the very broad definition of parasitology, parasites should include: | viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa (multi-celled organisms) which infect their host species. |
| Medical parasitology consists of: | Protozoa (single celled animals), Helminths (worms) Arthropods |
| Medical Protozoology: | Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Microsporodia Phylum Ciliophora |
| Phylum Sarcomastigophora: | Amoeba Flagellates |
| Medical Helminthology | Class Nematoda Class Trematoda Class Cestoda Class Metacanthocephala |
| Medical Arthropodology: | Class Insecta Class Arachnida Class Crustacea Class Chilopoda |
| General classification: animal parasites are classified according to international code taxonomy | General classification: |
| Each parasite belong to a: | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Some have further divisions to: | Sub – order, super family, sub – species in classification, scientific parasitic name |
| scientific parasitic name is of 2 parts: __________ and __________. | Genus name, species name |
| Scientific parasitic name that has one word: | Genetic name |
| Scientific parasitic name that has one word: | Species name |
| Means group of close related species. | Genus |
| means population with the same genetic characters. | Species |
| 1.Six major tropical diseases to which WHO pays great attention include: 2. Five of them are parasitic diseases except | malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and leprosy. -leprosy. |
| Schistosomiasis, infected/deaths per year | 200,000,000 infected 500,000-1,000,000 deaths/year |
| Malaria, infected/deaths per year | 500,000,000 infected 2,500,000 deaths/year |
| Filariasis, infected | 250,000,000 infected |
| Trypanosomiasis, infected/deaths per year | 25,000,000 infected 65,000 deaths/year |
| Leishmaniasis, infected | 1,200,000 infected |
| Any association more or less permanent is called a _________, with each member a ________. | symbiosis, symbiont |
| Two different organisms live together and interact, one partner lives in or on another one’s body. | Symbiosis |
| 3 types of Symbiosis | Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism |
| Permanent association between two different organisms that life apart is impossible, Two partners benefit each other, The mutuals are metabolically dependent on one another; One cannot survive in the absence of the other. | Mutualism |
| Association of two different organisms: One partner is benefited while the other neither benefited nor injured, such as E. Coli and man. | Commensalism |
| Association of two different organisms One partner is benefited while the other is injured, such as ascaris lumbricoides and man. | Parasitism |
| In parasitism, _________is the benefited partner. | parasite |
| It is an animal organism which lives in or on the host in order to obtain nourishment and shelter from the host as well as does harms to the host. | Parasite |
| In another words, a small organism (_______) has the potential to harm a larger organism (____---), and relies on said host for nutrients and shelter (_____-). | Parasite, Host, Niche |
| ______ compared to its host. | higher reproductive capability |
| Parasites can be Classified: | According to their habitat Based on dependency on the host Amount of time spent According to their Pathogenicity Based on their life cycle Based on host ranges |
| Lives inside the body of the host May be just under the surface or deep in the body Tapeworms, flukes, protozoans | Endoparasite |
| Stays on outside surface of the host leeches, ticks, fleas, brood parasites | Ectoparasite |
| Requires finding and invading the host to complete its life cycle Most of the parasites we will cover are obligate parasites | Obligate Parasite |
| May become parasitic if it is given the chance but does not require a host. | Facultative Parasite |
| Lives entire adult life stage on or in a host Usually endoparasites One exception is eyelash mite | Permanent Parasite |
| Spends only a short time on a host Usually ectoparasites | Temporary Parasite |
| According to their Pathogenicity: | Pathogenic parasites Non-Pathogenic (commensal) Opportunistic parasites |
| infections of parasite species that are mild or asymptomatic in immunocompetent people; however, in immunocompromised people they become fatal . | True |
| Those with direct life cycles (i.e., with one host). | Monoxenous parasites |
| Those with indirect life cycles requiring an intermediate host (i.e., involves 2 or more hosts). | Heteroxenous parasites |
| One with alteration of generations e.g., Coccidial parasites and Strongyloides | Heterogenetic Parasites |
| Those with a broad host range. | Euryxenous parasites |
| Those with a narrow host range | Stenoxenous parasites |
| Found in locations in the host where they normally do not occur; | Aberrant parasite |
| Occurs in hosts where it does not normally occur; | Incidental parasite |
| Are organism which harbors the parasite. | Host |
| In parasitism, it is the injured partner. | Host |
| Types of Hosts: | Definitive host Intermediate host |
| What characterizes the primary host? | Where sexual reproduction takes place. Normally where the adult parasites live. |
| Pparasites which only reproduce asexually | Convention |
| Frequently, a large number of host species can act as intermediate host and only one or a few can act as a definitive host | Specificity |
| Sexually immature or larval stage of a parasite Asexual multiplication takes place | Intermediate host |
| Intermediate host example | Cercaria, Redia and Sporocysts |
| Are all immature stages of Fasciola in the snail intermediate host. | Cercaria, Redia and Sporocysts |
| require more than one intermediate host which are then designated as first, second intermediate | True |
| No development occurs but parasite remains alive and infective to another host May go dormant May cause damage e.g., Toxoplasm species in cattle | Paratenic or Transport Host |
| Parasite is in the “wrong” species. Parasite usually wanders around and causes great damage because it doesn’t know where to go then dies. | Accidental or Incidental Host |
| Examples of accidental hosts | humans with fish parasites and ticks |
| Any animal that carries a parasite that can cause infections in humans. Even if it is the normal host for that parasite. Related to the medical perspective of parasitology | Reservoir Host |
| Reservoir Host include: humans, animals, or the environment | humans, animals, or the environment |
| A person who harbors parasites has no any clinical symptom. He is an important source of infection in epidemiology | Carrier host |
| The number of species the parasite can use as a definitive or intermediate host. Parasites show varying degrees of host specificity | Host specificity |
| an organism (usually an arthropod) which transfers infective forms of a parasite from one host to the other. | Vector |
| Classification of vector: | Biological vectors: Mechanical (Parathenic or transport) Vectors |
| characterized by the development of the parasite before its transfer to another host | Biological vectors: |
| Example of Propagative | Yersinia pestis in fleas |
| Example of Cyclopropagative: | Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles mosquitoes. |
| Example of Cyclodevelopmental | Onchocerca volvulus in black flies. |
| no parasitic development of reproduction occurs | Mechanical vector |
| An organism which only transports a pathogen | Mechanical vector |
| An organism which not only transports a pathogen but also plasys a role in the life cycle of a pathogen | Biological Vector |
| it is a stage when a parasite can invade human body and continue to live there. | Infective Stage |
| The infective stage of ascarid is the ___________. | embryonate egg |
| is the specific entrance through which the parasite invades the human body. Hookworms invade human body by skin. | Infective Route |
| means how the parasite invades human body, such as the cercariae of the blood fluke actively penetrate the skin of a swimming man and the infective ascaris eggs are swallowed by man. | Infective Mode |
| refers to the helminths which complete their life cycles not requiring the processes of the development in intermediate hosts. | Geohelminth |
| refers to the helminths which have to undergo the development in intermediate hosts to complete their life | Biohelminth |
| In life cycles of some parasites, there is the regular alternation of sexual and asexual reproductions. | Alternation of Generation |
| is a living stage of protozoa when they can move, take food and reproduce. | Trophozoite |
| is the resting stage of a protozoa with a protective wall. It is usually the infective stage. Its functions are protection, transmission and multiplication. | Cyst |
| The study of the patterns of diseases within populations | Epidemiology |
| parasites occur globally, the majority occur in tropical regions | Global distribution |
| Favorable environmental conditions: | poverty, poor sanitation and personal hygiene |
| Factors Affecting Endemicity: | Presence of a suitable host Habits of the host Escape from the host Favorable conditions outside of host Economic and social conditions |
| Three key links of parasitic disease transmission | Factors required |
| Factors required: | 1. Source of infection 2. Mode of transmission 3. Susceptible people |
| Primary Source | infected persons carriers animals |
| Soils polluted with human excreta is commonly responsible for exposure to infection with geohelminthes | Contaminated soil: |
| Sources of Exposure to Parasitic Infections | Contaminated soil Contaminated water Raw or Insufficiently cooked meat of pork, beef and fish Blood sucking arthropods: Animals (a domestic or wild animals harboring the parasite) Human beings: |
| Blood sucking arthropods: Malaria - Leishmania - Trypanosoma | anopheles mosquito sand flies tsetse fly |
| Direct mode of Transmission: Classified as: | Horizontal Direct mode of transmission: Vertical Direct Mode of Transmission: |
| Transmission is mainly effected through: | Horizontal Direct mode of transmission: |
| most intestinal parasites transmitted in this way. | Feco-oral route: |
| Horizontal Direct mode of transmission: Transmission is mainly effected through: | Feco-oral route: most intestinal parasites transmitted in this way. Direct skin penetration Sexual intercourse Blood transfusion |
| Transmission of the parasite is from the mother to child through: | Congenital / transplacental Transmammary (breast milk |
| the parasite has complex life cycle requires biological vectors and/or one or more intermediate hosts | Indirect Mode of Transmission: |
| Route of Transmission | By ingesting infective stage of parasites: Penetration of Skin When in Contact with: Through Insect Bite Sexual Contact Transmammary Inhalation of contaminated air Transplacental Kissing |
| Describes the cycle of development of the parasite | General Life Cycles of parasites |
| General Life Cycles of parasites may involve: | Passing through a number of developmental stages & environment Parasitic and non-parasitic stages |
| The life of a parasite can be divided into a number of phases: | Growth and maturation, Reproductive (sexual and asexual) and Transmission phases |
| Can be simple or complex depending on how many different hosts it requires to complete its cycle | General Life Cycles of parasites |
| only one host is required to complete its cycle the parasite often spends most of its life, usually as an adult, and where it reproduces Transmitted from one host to another through the air, by a fomite, or in contaminated food or water. | Simple or Direct Life Cycle (monoxenous) |
| requires 2 or more hosts (a vector or intermediate host ) to reproduce or grow in Frequently this may involve passing through a number of developmental stages & Evt. | Indirect life cycles heteroxeno |
| Host Factors: | Genetic factors, Age,Sex,Level of immunity Nutrition (malnutrition or under nutrition),Intensity and frequency of infections,Presence of co-existing disease or conditions, which reducesimmune response, Life style and occupation |
| Parasite factors | Strain of the parasite and adaptation to human host Parasite load ( number of parasite ) Site (s) occupied in the body Metabolic processes of the parasite, |
| How Parasites Cause Inquiry to their Host | Competition for the host’s nutrients Destruction of host tissues Tissue changes Toxins and secretions Mechanical interference |
| - some injure upon entry, some after established - eg. Swimmers itch, cercariae penetrate and cause inflammation | Destruction of host tissues |
| Eg. D. latum absorbs vitamin B-12, can cause anemia - other tapeworms absorb large amounts of proteins and sugars | Competition for the host’s nutrients |
| - may cause serious consequences to host | Tissue changes |
| some may cause pathogenic response, some may inhibit immune function | Toxins and secretions |
| Elephantiasis (filarial worms) blocks lymphatic system - Tapeworms in large numbers can block intestine - Plasmodium can cause RBC’s to stick together and clog capillaries | Mechanical interference |
| Host Responses: | Nonspecific immunity Specific Immunity |
| Common for bacteria and small protozoa | Macrophage endocytosis |
| edema and increase of leukocytes | Acute (Inflammation) |
| monocytes and lymphocytes present, with fibrocytes binding parasite with collagen. | Subacute (Inflammation) |
| plasma cells present and form a granuloma | Chronic Inflammation |
| parasite causes host to produce more cells Liver fluke simulating enlargement of bile duct | Hyperplasia |
| rare parasites have been associated with cancer, but mechanisms are still unknown. | Neoplasia (cancer) |
| Formation of antibodies or immunoglobulin s(Ig) by B cells. IgE fights helminths IgM and IgG important against protozoans | Humeral response |
| uses T-cells | Cell mediated response: |
| cells inject invading parasites Also release _________, which promote nonspecific immunity. (interconnected) | Cytotoxic T cells, cytokines |
| Change surface glycoproteins regularly | Antigenic variation |
| Don’t induce a response, or a most a mild one | Being poorly antigenetic |
| Host can’t kill what it can’t find | Hide within host cells |
| Use bits of host cells and attach to parasite’s surface | Camouflage |
| Modulate produce of host T cell production | Depress host’s immune response |
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CJ4DE