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Module 5: Methods

QuestionAnswer
Experimental Ablation removal or injury to a region of the brain of a laboratory animal, if this is to be done, a control condition should also be included.
Lesion Study a part of the brain is injured, and behaviour is subsequently observed.
Computerised Tomography the use of a device that employs a computer to analyse data obtained by scanning a beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a “slice” through the body. Measures the amount of radiation that gets through Medium spatial resolution
Magnetic Resonance Imaging a technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged, involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field. Measures energy embittered from issues of varying densities. detailed cross-section view of the brain.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain, uses information about the movement of the water molecules to determine the location and orientation of bundles of axons in white matter.
Fractional Anisotropy studying schizophrenia using DTI. Measures the movement of water within tissues of interest. Changes in FA value reflect he structural integrity of white matter in different areas of the brain.
Microelectrodes (single unit recording) Recording of the electrical energy of a single neuron, wires inserted into brain- animal research.
Macroelectrodes records the summed electrical potential of many neurons simultaneously.
EEG an electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp- electrode cap.
Polygraph plots changes in voltage detected by the electrodes along a timeline of recording. Recordings are called EEG waves. Height of lines is the amplitude of electrical output from the brain as recorded by the macroelectrodes.
Event related potential looks at changes in electrical activity following an event (p=positive peak in amp, N=negative peak in amp). Each peak is associated with different cognitive events.
MEG a procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity.
Functional imaging computerised method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in the brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer to localise activity in the brain and study function, expensive and don’t have good temporal resolution
functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain by detecting changes in blood oxygen levels. Measures changes in magnetic field strength with difference concentrations in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
BOLD response fMRI- measured changes in concentration (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Response)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation stimulation of cerebral cortex by magnetic fields produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull virtual legion.
Twin Studies and Adoption studies estimate the influence of heredity of particular traits.
Monozygotic twins Identical- chromosomes/ genotypes are identical
Concordance rate the percentage of twins that are both diagnosed with the same condition.
Dizygotic twins have genetic similarity of around 50%
Chromosomes consist of long strands of DNA.
DNA contain instructions for producing proteins- important for cellular functioning.
Gene functional unit of chromosome, directs synthesis of one or more proteins.
Genomic Studies attempt to determine the location in the genome of genes responsible for various physical and behavioural traits.
Linkage Studies identify families whose members vary in a particular trait and compare markers across members.
Genome complete set of genes that compose DNA of particular species.
Allele particular form of an individual gene
Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) compares all or portions of genomes of different individuals to determine whether differences in genomes correlate with the presence or absence of diseases (or other traits).
Markers sequences of DNS whose locations are already known
Created by: mm5255103
 

 



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