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infectious diseases

animal health W8

QuestionAnswer
infection Invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms in body tissues
casual agents • Normally grouped according to aetiological agents e.g. bacterial, viral ect • Not all microorganisms are pathogenic • Some are commensals • Symbiotic • Many are free living
pathogen - microorganism capable of causing disease
infectious disease - diseased caused by biological agent
contagious - an infectious disease that is spread from one animal to another
resident microflora • many microorganisms are useful • Also known as commensals • They live on + within the body and usually cause no harm • Prevent the colonisation of more harmful microorganisms • May provide service to the host e.g fermentation of fibre in the gut
non contagious diseases not all diseases are passes onto other individuals commensals (often bacteria) may gain advantage in the affected host + cause disease
non contagious diseases • Cat bite abscesses • Wound infections • Bacterial skin infection (pyoderma) • Bladder infection (bacterial cystitis)
in order for pathogens to trigger disease they will need to - • Penetrate the hosts defences (through physical barriers) • Multiply within the host • Overcome the hosts initial defences (through the innate immunity) • Cause harm to the host
when pathogens cause harm to the host this is when clinical signs
the capacity of an infection to cause disease is determined by 1. The infective dose 2. The virulence of the agent 3. The susceptibility of the host
the hosts susceptibility may be increased • Age : very young or very old • Stress • Pre-existing disease • Genetic predisposition • Immunosuppression • Drug administration – can increase or decrease • Nutritional status
based on the balance between the infectivity of the pathogen and the hosts susceptibility there are a number of outcomes • The immune system wins! • Subclinical infection may occur • The pathogen wins and the patient loses = DISEASE
the defence system - - urine - gastric PH - commensal bacteria - integument - self cleansing processes
transmission - is defined as the transfer of an infection from one animal to another
direct transmission - pathogens spread via direct contact particularly important for pathogens that are fragile and do not survive in the environment - bites, scratches, grooming and licking
indirect transmission mechanical vectors also known as fomites, some pathogens can survive on inanimate objects and be passes around in the enviromet
biological vectors are organisms that carry infections agents from one host to another the pathogen becomes infective (develops and multiplies) within the vector before infecting the final host
indirect transmission - vehicles of transmission - Substances that are normally taken in by the body but pathogens may have attached to them • Water – may be contaminated by faeces or urine • Air – may be contaminated by airborne pathogens • Food – may be contaminated by faeces
horizontal transmission - The disease is spread to other members of the same species e.g covid 19 large groups of animals or humans
transmission may occur at several stages of the disease process • During the incubation period • During the time the animal is showing clinical signs
after the animal has partially or fully recovered vertical transmission - • Dam to offspring • If the Dam is infected at the time of conception or during pregnancy. • In utero or via the colostrum • Disease is passed from one generation to the next
what does carriers mean this means the animal may continue to shed infective agents following recovery despite showing minimal or no signs of disease
carriers • Convalescent carriers • Healthy carriers • Most commonly shed during periods of stress • Continuous excreters • Intermittent excreters
preventative methods that can be put in place to reduce the risk of disease transmission • Disinfection and cleaning protocols • Careful and correct waste disposal • Good personal hygiene • Isolation, barrier nursing and quarantine • Good husbandry • Controlling disease vectors • Vaccination • education • PPE
Created by: lucy.fox
 

 



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