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Chemistry EOY Rev
Substances & Physical Processes and Atoms, Elements & Compounds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the properties of a Solid (4) | - Particles have little energy - Particles are regularly arranged - It has a fixed shape - Particles have light vibrations |
| Describe the properties of a Liquid (4) | - Particles have medium energy - Particles are irregularly arranged - Takes shape of container - Particles roll over each other |
| Describe the properties of a Gas (4) | - Particles have lots of energy - Particles are irregularly arranged - Particles randomly move and collide - Takes shape of container |
| What is the interconversions between Gases and Liquids | Gas -- CONDENSATION -- Liquid Liquid -- EVAPORATION -- Gas |
| What are the interconversions between Solids and Liquids | Solid -- MELTING -- Liquid Liquid -- FREEZING -- Solid |
| What are the interconversions between Solids and Gases | Solid -- SUBLIMATION -- Gas Gas -- DEPOSITION -- Solid |
| Why do interconversions occur? | When a substance has enough thermal/kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction and move into the next state |
| Do all substances have specific melting/boiling point? | No - only pure substances have fixed melting/boiling points |
| What is diffusion? | Diffusion is the net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration until spread out roughly |
| When does diffusion occur? | When a gas is released and the particles collide |
| Why is diffusion a slow process? | Duo to collisions between the particles |
| Why do different substances diffuse at different speeds? | Smaller particles diffuse because they are lighter and travel faster than heavier particles |
| Explain what happens when you add Liquid Bromine to a gas jar (4) | . During the process, liquid bromine is evaporating . The coloured gas diffuses in the jar . The colour eventually spreads out evenly across the jar . It takes time due to collisions between particles |
| What happens when ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride (3) | . The gases diffuse down the tube . The two gases react when they meet, forming a white solid . The white ring forms closer to the hydrogen because the particles are lighter and travelled faster |
| What is dissolving? | The process of a solute being broken down and mixed into a solvent creating a solution |
| What does SOLUTE mean? (2) | - A solute can be a solid liquid or gas. - Something that dissolves in a solvent |
| What is a SOLVENT? (2) | - A solvent is typically a fluid - It is what a solute dissolves in |
| What is a SOLUTION? (2) | - The mixture of a dissolved solute in a solvent - It can be separated |
| What does SOLUBLE mean? | It refers to a substance which is able to dissolve |
| What does INSOLUBLE mean? | It refers to a substance which is not able to dissolve |
| What happens when crystals of two soluble substances are placed on opposite sides of a petri dish filled with water? (3) | - Dissolving: the solute's bonds break and mix in with the solvent - Diffusion: solutions on both sides diffuse towards each other - React: the two solutions meet and react as their particles collide |
| How does FILTRATION separate mixtures of substances?(3) | - Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid - Solid particles are trapped in filter paper while liquid goes through |
| Draw a fully labelled diagram of FILTRATION | DRAW |
| How does EVAPORATION separate mixtures of substances? (2) | - Separates a dissolved solid from water - Mixture is heated until water is boiled/evaporated away, leaving the solid behind |
| Draw a fully labelled diagram of EVAPORATION | DRAW |
| How does DISTILLATION separate mixtures of substances? (3) | - Separates a liquid from a dissolved solid - Separates pure water from impure water - The mixture is heated until the liquid is boiled, then the gas is collected and condensed |
| Where do the state changes happen in DISTILLATION? (2) | - The liquid evaporates in the round bottom flask - It is condensed in the condenser |
| How does CHROMATOGRAPHY work? (1 +2) | - Separates mixtures of liquid compounds (ink) 1. A small spot of the liquid is placed on a strip of paper (dipped in water) 2. The water runs up the paper, dissolving the dye and separates into its components |
| How do you determine an RF VALUE? | Distance travelled by substance/ Distance travelled by solvent |
| What is an element? | A substance with only one type of atom in it |
| What is an atomic number? | Smaller number on the element period, number of protons |
| What is an atomic mass? | Larger number on element period, number of protons + neutrons |
| What is a Symbol | 1-4 letters representing an element |
| What is an Electron? | A subatomic particle occupying shells Negligible mass A charge of -1 |
| What is a Neutron? | Subatomic particle occupied in the nucleus Mass of 1 Neutral charge |
| What is a Proton? | Subatomic particle occupied in the nucleus Mass of 1 Charge of 1 |
| What is an Isotope? | An element which does not have the same amount of neutrons as protons |
| What is a Molecule? | A particle containing two or more chemically bonded atoms |
| How are the elements on the periodic table arranged? | In order of increasing proton number |
| What is a GROUP in the Table of Elements? (2) | - columns - 3rd to 12th are group-less - The group number = electrons in the outer shell of all elements in that group (in main group elements) |
| What is a PERIOD in the Tale of Elements? (2) | - rows - first period is at the same height as Hydrogen - The period number = number of electron shells in elements in that row (in main group elements) |
| Draw the dividing line for metals and non-metals on the Periodic Table | DRAW |
| How do you calculate the RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS of an element from the percentage abundance of each isotope? (3) | |
| How many electrons can each shell hold? (2) | - the first shell from the nucleus can hold 2 electrons - the second and third shell can each hold 8 electrons |
| How can you deduce the ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION of the first 20 elements from their position on the periodic table? (3) | 1.Find the amount of electrons the element has (same as protons) 2.Divide the number into the number of electrons each shell can hold. |
| If carbon has 6 electrons, what is the electronic configuration? | [2,4] |
| What is a COMPOUND? | A mixture of molecules containing two or more atoms that have chemically combined. It contains only one type of particle |
| How do you NAME simple compounds formed from two different elements? (2) | - The element furthest left on the periodic table comes first - The second word changes its ending to 'ide' |
| How are chemical formulas expressed? (2) | - In a fixed ratio - The symbols in the formula are used and sometimes numbers go after the symbols depending on what the ratio is e.g. H2O : means that there are 2 H's to every O |
| What is a MIXTURE? (2) | - contains more than one type of atom -contains more than one type of particle |
| How are word equations involving reactants and products formed? | REACTANT + REACTANT + REACTANT --> PRODUCT |
| What is a MOLECULAR FORMULA? (2) | - A formula showing which & how many atoms are in a molecule - It uses symbols of the elements and a number after |
Created by:
sara-s xxx
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