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Final Psych 102
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical conditioning is less likely to occur if the conditioned stimulus (CS): | always precedes the US |
| Obnoxious Stanley warns others that he is in the vicinity by his style of clanky walking. In this example, clanky walking is a(n): | conditioned stimulus |
| If one wishes to extinguish a response learned via reinforcement, (s)he will find that the response will be more difficult to extinguish if the response was originally learned under a _________ schedule. | partial reinforcement |
| Repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus alone, without the unconditioned stimulus will lead to | extinction |
| After classical conditioning between two stimuli (bell tone associated with food) is established, _________ conditioning can occur | second-order |
| Mr. White has a bee phobia. According to the_________ explanation, Mr. White has learned to associate a conditioned stimulus (i.e., the bee) with an unconditioned stimulus (one or more bee stings). | classical conditioning |
| Attempts of politicians to associate themselves with patriotic symbols such as the American flag could be seen as an example of _________. | second-order (i.e., higher-order) conditioning |
| Mr. Alexander’s two kids Kerry and Terry are fighting so Mr. Alexander takes away their TV privileges for the day. Mr. Alexander is decreasing the probability of fighting via | negative punishment |
| Mr. Alexander’s two kids Kerry and Terry are fighting so Mr. Alexander spanks them. Mr. Alexander is decreasing the probability of fighting via | positive punishment |
| _________ refers to the phenomenon by which the perceived value of something diminishes the longer one has to wait to receive it. | Delay discounting |
| A rat learns that pressing a red button produces a good feeling. It does this because pushing the button causes the nucleus accumbens to receive mild stimulation | operant conditioning |
| In which of the following situations would two variables be related most strongly (note: the correlation coefficient is denoted by r)? | .75 |
| In an experiment by Wilcoxin et al. (1971), rats and birds were tested in a classical conditioning procedure. In the first phase of the experiment...rats avoided what type of water? | salty |
| In an experiment by Garcia and Koeling (1966), bright, noisy, and sweet water was paired with a stimulus that produced nausea during an initial phase...rats avoided what type of water? | sweet |
| In an experiment by Garcia and Koeling (1966), bright, noisy, and sweet water was paired with an electric shock during an initial phase..rats avoided what type of water? | bright and noisy |
| Neurotransmitters are usually released at the __________ of one neuron and are received by the dendrites of another neuron. | terminal buttons |
| The synapse is the | tiny space between a terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron. |
| The ___________period occurs immediately after a neuron produces an action potential. | absolute refractory period |
| Neurons fire when they receive | excitatory neurotransmitters |
| During the, _________, a neuron can produce an action potential, but a stronger than normal excitatory input is required. | relative refractory period |
| Some neurons produce _________. These are membrane potentials that depolarize in proportion to the intensity of the input rather than in an all or nothing fashion. | graded potentials |
| _____________ occurs when an ignored stimulus on Trial 1 takes longer to respond to on Trial 2 than if it was not previously ignored. | Negative priming |
| ________ provides insulation to the axon that speeds the neural signal. | Myelin |
| Olds and Milner (1954) inserted electrodes into the brains of rats. When the rats pressed a bar and recieved a mild stimulation to the brain... | nucleus accumbens |
| A double dissociation provides the best evidence that | two cognitive processes are separate and independent. |
| Regarding attentional neglect, it is far more common for neglect to happen for the left side of space than the right side of space. Which of the following is a plausible reason for this? | The right hemisphere is dominant for visual spatial attention. When the left hemisphere is damaged, the right hemisphere can compensate, but when the right hemisphere is damaged the non-dominant left hemisphere cannot adequately compensate |
| anterior | more in front |
| posterior | more in back |
| superior | more toward the top |
| inferior | more towards the bottom |
| __________ represents a computer simulation approach that can be likened to a real neural network. | Parallel-distributed-processing |
| Which of the following structures is most strongly tied to emotion and emotional memory? | amygdala |
| The ________ is the main commissure in the brain. | corpus callosum |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces | mild stimulation of an area of the brain. |
| Based on research by Strayer and colleagues, talking on the cell phone while driving is associated with worse driving performance than | driving while drunk at a blood-alcohol concentration level of .08. |
| A(n) _________ is produced from independent EEG waves that are averaged across trials. | event related potential (ERP) |
| Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between how sensory information received at the eyes is processed by the brain? | All information appearing to the left of fixation is processed initially by the right hemisphere, and all information appearing to the right of fixation is processed initially by the left hemisphere. |
| The ________ is known as the relay station of the brain because most sensory information that is bound for the cortex passes through this structure first. | thalamus |
| ____________ produces temporary “virtual lesions.” | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
| When the neuron is at its resting state (i.e., resting potential), there are more ________ charged ions inside the cell than outside of it. | negatively |
| In the standard Stroop task, the incongruent condition refers to the situation where | the color and the color name mismatch (the word blue appears in red font). |
| Which of the following scenarios is an example of metacognition in action? | You take extensive notes during lecture because you know that you will have difficulty remembering the information later if you do not. |
| left hemisphere in davidson in fox's experiment | child's mother |
| right hemisphere in Davidson in fox's experiment | a stranger |
| One names the color of a word in the ______ task. | Stroop |
| Psychologists have used the statistical technique known as __________ to reduce the number of personality traits from 200 traits to a more manageable number. | factor analysis |
| For most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for | language |
| The _______ is a brain structure that has been hypothesized to resolve response competition. | anterior cingulate |
| In the typical serial position curve for verbally presented words, the recency portion of the recall curve is usually attributed to information that is stored in | short term memory |
| According to the __________, information that is stored during encoding will determine which retrieval cues will be successful. | encoding specificity principle |
| Top-down processing describes how | perception is influenced by information that has been activated in memory. |
| ___________ posits that performance on a memory test will benefit to the extent to which encoding and retrieval processes match | Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) |
| Amir uses the word indefatigable during a conversation because he heard it earlier in the day (even though he did not consciously remember hearing the word earlier). This may be an example of | implicit memory. |
| A to-be-identified target stimulus is presented on a computer screen for 50 ms....makes it more difficult if nothing preceded the target item | backward |
| Specifically, she finds that as she is trying to recall items from a current trial, the items processed in earlier trials are causing her difficulty...they are negatively affected by | proactive interference |
| According to lecture, PET studies have shown that when performing a task, the brains of individuals with high IQs tend to | metabolize less glucose overall, but they metabolize more glucose in specific regions thought to be needed for the task than individuals with low IQs. |
| Reading rate refers to how many words are read per second. Research has shown that, on average, | as reading rate increases, short term working memory span increases. |
| Experiencing anger is related to an increase in _________ activity. | left hemisphere |
| ________ refers to the extent to which a test measures the entity that it is supposed to measure. | Construct validity |
| If scores on a personality measure for conscientiousness are positively correlated with job performance measures, then the measure for conscientiousness has | predictive validity. |
| However, suppose that they can be used to predict future financial success. In terms of validity, what could we conclude about IQ tests (assume that high refers to the test having that characteristic)? But dosen't measure intelligence | IQ tests are low in terms of construct validity and high in terms of predictive validity |
| Factor analysis tells us | the degree to which items correlate with one another. |
| A construct is | something that we think exists but cannot be directly observed. |
| According to Sternberg, ________ reflects information processing intelligence. | performance on a standard IQ test |
| In a ________ subjects design, each subject participates in all conditions of the experiment. | within |
| Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation? | As the number of syllables in a word increases, recall decreases |
| Sternberg performed research on analogy problems. On each trial, a subject would be exposed to a relationship on the first screen (e.g., doctor: patient), | high IQ individuals spent more time on the first screen and less time on the second screen than low IQ individuals. |
| something______ placed on the tongue of a 10-month old child will result in an increase in left hemisphere activity as measured by EEG. | sweet |
| Which of the following is the biggest threat to internal validity? | a confounding variable |
| If a participant in an experiment is randomly assigned to one level of the IV, then that IV is considered a ________ variable. | between-subjects |
| The _______ of the correlation coefficient represents the strength of a relationship between two variables. | absolute value |
| A group of rats learns to traverse through both easy and difficult mazes under the influence of alcohol on one day, and on another day, the same group does it sober | within, within |
| time in the rat experiment is.. | dependent |
| In classical conditioning, nature provides the _____ connection, and conditioning provides the _____ connection. | US-UR, CS-US |
| Which of the following theories would predict better test performance for words for which participants focused on meaning at study? Via rhyme | Levels-of-processing theory (LOP) |
| To study memory, Ebbinghaus tested ______ on memory for lists of CVC’s (e.g., gud). | himself |
| If a participant in an experiment is exposed to all levels (i.e., conditions) of the IV, then that IV is considered a ________ variable. | within-subjects |
| In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), the rapid learning mechanism is associated with which of the following brain structures? | the hippocampus |
| In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), the gradual learning mechanism is associated with which of the following brain structures? | the lateral temporal cortex |
Created by:
kaleacastillo