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Microbiology Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disadvantages of slow cooking | Endospore Formers and MESOPHILES |
| Making soy sauce | fermented by Aspergillus oryzae |
| How to limit activity of microbes in food | Limiting the activity of microbes in food can be accomplished by: cold storage, lowering the pH, growth inhibiting substances, pasteurization. All of the choices are correct. |
| What spoils up fruits? | Fungi |
| What grows in salted and dried foods? | Fungi |
| Growth at a lower water activity than most of the spoilage bacteria? | staphylococcus aureus |
| For growth, most bacteria require water activity levels above___ | 0.9 |
| The water activity in foods with high levels of salt or sugar is high. T/F | FALSE |
| The water activity in foods that have high levels of salt or sugar is___ | Low |
| Which of the following foods has the greatest amount of available water? | Steak |
| The growth of microorganisms in a food product is influenced by the availability of_______ | acidity. moisture. temperature. nutrients. All of the choices are correct. |
| The conditions normally present in food such as moisture, acidity, and nutrients are referred to as______ | intrinsic factors |
| Growth of pathogens in a food generally does not result in perceptible changes in the quality of the food_____ | foodborne illness |
| Foods that have been unacceptably changed,____ | Spoiling |
| Foods that have been altered due to the carefully controlled growth of microorganisms are called ____ | Fermented |
| A wastewater treatment process used to remove material that settles out. | Primary Treatment |
| A wastewater treatment process that uses microbes to convert suspended solids to inorganic compounds and removable cell mass. | Secondary Treatment |
| _______ is often designed to remove ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates—compounds that foster growth of algae and cyanobacteria in receiving waters… YES APPLIED TO WATER TREATMENT | Advanced treatment |
| result from ingestion of sludge.. could be aerobically ingested by microorganisms.. | Biosolids |
| Waste Water Treatment "goal" | to decrease the biological oxygen demand (BOD) that stimulated microbial growth |
| Which is the first step in wastewater purification? | Sedimentation |
| Potable water—lacks pathogenic microbes and harmful chemicals | TRUE |
| _______ is the natural decomposition of organic solid material and offers an alternative to landfills | COMPOSTING |
| the process of composting can be facilitated by____ | adding soil and water AND stirring and turning pile frequently |
| What should be AVOIDED when composting? and ONLY used when composting? | Avoid :using pork, fat, meat, fish etc. ONLY grass clippings, veggie peelings, leaves |
| The problem(s) with using sludge as a fertilizer is/are the__ | presence of heavy metals and similar pollutants AND presence of pathogenic organisms and viruses. |
| Which step of wastewater treatment removes most of the BOD? | Secondary Treatment |
| Which statement does NOT apply to water treatment? | An important goal of wastewater treatment is the increase of the BOD that stimulates microbial growth. |
| Synthetic compounds are most likely to be biodegradable if they are_____ | are chemically similar to naturally occurring substances.___ easily spoils up |
| Low BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) | low organic content |
| High BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) | high organic content |
| ___the use of biological agents to degrade/detoxify pollutants AND may involve biostimulation or bioaugmentation. | Bioremediation |
| The breakdown of man-made compounds by decomposers is called_____ | BIOREMEDIATION |
| There are two general bioremediation strategies | biostimulation and bioaugmentation |
| _________enhances growth of local microbes in a contaminated site by providing additional nutrients | Biostimulation |
| adds specific microorganisms to the polluted site. OR relies on activities of microorganisms added to the contaminated material, complementing the resident population. | bioaugmentation |
| what does NOT apply to strategies of bioremediation? | Low temperature, arid conditions and acidic pH will speed up the rate of pollutant degradation. |
| What are the other indicators of fecal contamination? | clostridia, Enterococci, bacteriophage and coliform except:Bacteroides. |
| Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium | Oxidize organic compounds AND use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors |
| how can lactobacillus prevent the vagina from being infected? | LOW pH |
| fix nitrogen and from a heterocyst structure | genus anabaena |
| What is the importance of fungi? | Important: their ability to help many plants grow and cause disease Use: can also use for certain food and beverages.. but also spoils food |
| Why do all protozoa require large amounts of water in their habitat? | They require water to avoid dehydration and death. Without being in water, they would quickly dehydrate (due to their small size) and die. |
| What is red tide caused by? | Dinoflagellates |
| Do tapeworms complete their life cycle in a single host? | False |
| Tapeworm reproductive system? | 1 worm has both male and female reproductive systems, but not digestive system |
| What do tapeworms do to the host? | May cause neurological signs or symptoms Absorbs nutrients from the hosts blood |
| A range of physical and biological conditions in which a species live and the way the species obtains the resources it needs to survive and reproduce | Niche |
| Bacterial growth curve where cells are not dividing but are synthesizing enzymes required for growth | Lag Phase |
| In the growth curve of bacteria population, the bacteria are rapidly increasing in number in the____ | Exponential Growth (Log Phase) |
| bacterial growth curve with nutrients depleted, total number of viable cells remains constant, with some dying while others multiply | Stationary Growth Phase |
| During which phase of the bacterial growth curve does the total number of viable (live) cells decline | Death Phase |
| time to achieve a 1 log reduction of the bacteria specific to each D-value: Temperature, bacteria, food Could affect: Age of cells, growth phase, growth temperature, growth medium, exposure to stressors | D value |
| reduction of nitrogen gas to form ammonia | nitrogen fixation |
| convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia | Azobactor |
| cannot use water, use other inorganic material like hydrogen sulfide. (are obligate anaerobes) found in bogs and mud and use bacteriochlorophyll for light that penetrates to greater depth. ex: green and purple sulfur bacteria. | Anoxygenic |
| use preformed organic molecules as carbon AND as energy source | Chemoheterotrophs |
| -use electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as source of energy -use CO2 as principal source of carbon | Chemoautotrophs |
| an organism that use organic molecules as their source of carbon | Heterotrophs |
| an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. | Autotrophs |
| Reduction of microbial population on inanimate objects to low level so safe by public health standards. Sterilizing procedure: only steam autoclaving = sterilization (kills all life and endospores) | Sterilization |
| Serotype vs. Biotype | A biotype is the biochemical profile of a particular microorganism while the serotype is the difference in its surface and structure/agents that will lead to the separate immune response from an organism |
| What are viroids characteristically composed of? | ssRNA |
| Outside the living cells, viruses are | metabolically inert |
| protein coat of a virus? | called a capsid, protects the nucleic acid, and is involved in the recognition of host cell receptors by non-enveloped viruses |
| What is not true about prions? | Prions that causes spongiform encephalopathies have a different amino acid sequence from PrPc |
| Are prions destroyed by common sterilization procedures? | No |
| Prion: What do infectious prions cause | causes a neurodegenerative disease |
| What disease is caused by prions? | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) |
| Viruses that infect other bacteria___ | bacteriophage |
| Coliforms (list out what it does) | used as indicators of fecal contamination, ferment lactose, includes E. coli, and informal grouping of enteric: ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT |
| produces propionic acid AND is responsible for the holes in swiss cheese | Propionibacterium |
| prey on other bacteria | bdellovibrio |
| How do bacteria survive adverse conditions? | An extremophile is an organism that thrives in extreme environments. |
| Strain differences are helpful in? | tracing the course of the breakout of disease |
| fungi that includes many species of yeasts. studied in eukaryotic cells | Saccharomyces |
| produce fermented food in carbohydrates ex:dairy includes: lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus | Lactic Acid Bacteria: |
| Aspergillus oryzae | Fermentation of soy |
| On which of the following foods can Staphylococcus aureus multiply with little competition? | Salty ham |
| Landfills are often used to dispose of____ | SOLID WASTE |
| A site used for disposal of non-hazardous solid wastes in a manner that minimizes damage to human health and the environment.___ | Sanitary Landfill |
| Pseudomonas- are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials ? | TRUE |
| Are Pseudomonas species mostly harmless? except the fortunistic one Pseudomonas aeruginosa.... T/F | True |
| Coliforms ferment lactose? T/F | True |
| Are coliform informal groupings of iterics? T/F | True |
| Are E. Coli coliforms? T/F | True |
| Are coliforms used as fecal contamination? T/F | True |
| Caused by protozoan? 4__ | giardiasis, malaria, Toxoplasmosis, plague |
| How do viruses get their name based on? | the disease that the virus causes |
| What organ system of the body do prions affect? | central nervous system brain |
| Viroids? Which living form can viroids cause a disease? | plants |
| Autotrophs produce? | produce its own food using light |
| Are eutrophic water rich with nutrients? | Yes, overabundance of nutrients |
| hypoxic / hypoxia? | Having too little oxygen. |
| Water poor in nutrients? | oligotrophic |
| Water rich in nutrients? | eutrophic |
| How do bacteria survive in adverse conditions? | Endospores and Extremophile |
| What is the process that refers to turning or converting inorganic carbon into organic carbon? | Carbon Fixation |
| Can atmospheric nitrogen be used directly on plants? | FALSE |
| Can atmospheric nitrogen be used directly on animals? | FALSE |
| Can atmospheric nitrogen be used directly to make carbohydrates? | FALSE |
| Can atmospheric nitrogen be used directly to convert urethra? | False |
| Can atmospheric nitrogen be directly turned into ammonia by microorganisms? | True |
| is characterized by the production of secondary metabolism | Late log phase of the bacterial growth curve |
| Microbial death is affected by: | growth in biofilm, temp., presence of organics, pH : ALL of the above |
| The lag phase of the bacterial growth curve is marked by____ | metabolically active cells |
| What is the likely fate of a fish living in a eutrophic stream? | Fish will first thrive as they have more food from the increase in photosynthetic organisms; as they deplete the dissolved oxygen, however, they will die. |
| Gardeners sometimes plant clover between productive growing seasons. Why would this practice be beneficial? | Several types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of clover. This would increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil available for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth. |
| different examples of thermal electron acceptor that use prokaryotes under anaerobic conditions? | nitrate, nitrite, sulfate and carbon dioxide |
| is estimated that the mass of bacteria and fungi in the top six inches of an acre of soil | 2 tons |
| water mixed with waste matter; liquid waste discharge; | Effluent |
| simplest technique for isolating bacteria in growth media | streak-plate method |
| solidifying agent used most successfully in bacterial nutrient media | agar |
| IMMEDIATE: reaction happens right away, mast cells dumping histamine granules (hives, urticaria, asthma) | Hypersensitivity: Type 1 |
| CYTOTOXIC: cells are destroyed by an immune response (blood transfusion, newborn hemolytic disease, drug-induced rxns: penicillin allergy) | Hypersensitivity: Type 2 |
| IMMUNE COMPLEX-MEDIATED: hypersensitivity caused by neutrophils. (arthritis, farmer's lung, librarian's lung, glomerular nephritis, systemic lupus arithmetosis: antibody against DNA) | Hypersensitivity: Type 3 |
| CELL-MEDIATED: delayed. (contact dermatitis from poison ivy, latex gloves; tuberculin response, graft rejection) | Hypersensitivity: Type 4 |
| lactose-fermenting | coliforms |
| The oxygen consuming property of a wastewater sample is designated by the term | BOD - biochemical oxygen demand |
| Name of Inflammation: Loss of function | Functio Laesa |
| Name of Inflammation: pain, stimulation of nerve endings | Dolor |
| Name of Inflammation: swelling, increased fluid escaping into tissues | Tumor |
| Name of Inflammation: Redness, increased circulation and vasodilation | Rubor |
| Name of Inflammation: Heat, increased flow of blood | Calor |
| What is the difference between biostimulation and bioaugmentation? | Biostimulation enhances the growth of local microbes in a contaminated site by providing additional nutrients while bioaugmentation relies on activities of microorganisms added to the contaminated material, complementing the resident population |
| Oligotrophic waters are usually hypoxic. | True |
| The amount of moisture available in foods is | water activity |
Created by:
mariel.e