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GAS 001 PAYNAL NA TO
M4 & M5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anything associated with an earthquake that may affect the normal activities of people. | Earthquake hazard |
| a disruptive up down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake. | Ground Shaking |
| It is the visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault affects the Earth's surface. | Ground Rapture |
| This is a major risk to any structure that is built across a fault zone that may be active, in addition to any risk from ground shaking. | Ground Rapture |
| involves a dominantly horizontal shifting of the ground. | Strike-slip fault |
| involves mainly downward movement of the ground across the fault called hanging the wall. | Normal fault |
| involves mainly upward movement of the hanging wall. In any type of faulting, opposite blocks simply slide past each other along the fault plane. No opening is involved. | Thrust/Reverse Fault |
| It is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking. | Liquefaction |
| TYPES OF LIQUEFACTION | Flow Failures Lateral Spread Ground Oscillation Loss of bearing strength Settlement |
| Types of fault | Thrust/transverse fault Strike-slip fault Normal fault |
| the most dangerous type of ground failure due to liquefaction, this occurs on liquefiable slope material with steepness greater than 3 degrees. | Flow failure |
| blocks or the broken pieces of the flat or very gentle ground (less than 3 degrees) above a liquefied zone move laterally. | Lateral Spread |
| the ground is unable to spread and instead oscillates like wave (back and forth and up and down). Water and wet sand are ejected through the fissures that form conical-shaped mounds of sand at the surface (sand blows) | GROUND OSCILLATION |
| Loss of strength of sediments resulting in tilting of houses and floating of buoyant structures that are anchored on the liquefied zone | LOSS OF BEARING STRENGTH |
| vertical readjustment within the liquefied zone as a result of dissipation of pore-water pressure or the ejection of materials during the formation of sand boils. | SETTLEMENT |
| It is a failure in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake. | EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE |
| TYPES OF LANDSLIDE | Topples Rock falls Slides Lateral spreads Flows Complex slides |
| occur suddenly when a massive part of every steep slopes break loose and rotate forward. | Topples |
| involved chunks of detached rock that fell freely for some distance or bounce and roll down the steep slope. | Rock Falls |
| involve large blocks of bedrock that break free and slide down along a planar or curved surface. | Slides |
| are triggered by earthquakes and affect gentle slopes with less than 10 degrees inclination. Slope material loses cohesion through liquefaction caused by the shaking during earthquake | LATERAL SPREADS |
| involved downslope motion of fined grained clay, silt and fine sand made mobile by water saturation. These flows include mudflows and earthflows and are common during the rainy season. | FLOW` |
| are combination of two or more types of movement. | complex slide |
| It is a seismic sea wave. Sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters. | TSUNAMI (HARBOR WAVE) |
| the impending signs of tsunami | Shake, Drop, and Roar |
| Types of tsunami | Tsunami Generation Tsunami Propagation Tsunami run-up and inundation |
| Earthquake-generated tsunami wave isinitiated through the pushing up of ocean water caused by the vertical displacement of the seabed due to faulting. | TSUNAMI GENERATION |
| Tsunami wave propagates away from the source with amplitude far too small compared to the wavelength that is passes almost unnoticed by an observer. | TSUNAMI PROPAGATION |
| Tsunami wave heights are amplified during run-up near the coast. | TSUNAMI RUN-UP AND INUNDATION |
| A vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected. | VOLCANO |
| Also craters, depressions, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials | VOLCANO |
| CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES | Active Dormant Extinct |
| it is currently erupting or is expected to erupt in the near future. | Active volcanoes |
| GIVE ATLEAST 5 ACTIVE VOLCANO | PINATUBO TAAL HIBOK HIBOK BULUSAN KANLAON |
| one that is not currently erupting but has erupted within recordable history and is expected to erupt again in the future. | Dormant volcanoes |
| Extinct volcanoes are considered dead and are not expected to ever erupt again. | EXTINCT VOLCANOES |
| VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARD | Lahar Ash fall Pyroclastic flow Ballistic Projectile Volcanic Gases Lava flow |
| “mudflows”- mixtures of volcanic ash, rocks and water that are formed on volcanoes. | Lahar |
| When a volcano erupts it will push material into the air above. Large material, such as rocks, will land close to the vent. But, fine material like ash is carried a long way. | Ash fall |
| If a large amount of volcanic material erupts quickly from a volcano the eruption column can fall downwards in a landslide of hot, fast moving gas and rock. | PYROCLASTIC FLOW |
| are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.) | BALLISTIC PROJECTILE |
| Volcanic gases are mainly made up of steam (water), followed by carbon dioxide and small amounts of sulfur and chlorine. | VOLCANIC GASES |
| are streams of melted rock that travel down the sides of volcanoes. | Lava flow |
| SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION | 1. Increase in the frequency 2. Increase in steaming 3. Crater glow 4. Ground swell 5. Localized landslides, rock falls 6. drying vegetation 7. Increase in the temperature. 8.chemical content of springs, 9.Drying up of springs 10. thermal areas |
| are visual, geospatial depictions of the areas that could be impacted by various volcanic phenomena during or subsequent to an eruption. | Volcano Hazard Map |
Created by:
Jerald_22