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The central nervous system is made of two main parts, the brain, and the
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Identify the three layers of meninges.
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chp 11 A& P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The central nervous system is made of two main parts, the brain, and the | spinal cord |
| Identify the three layers of meninges. | dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater |
| Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called | ventricles |
| The neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements are located in the ______. | brain |
| structures that are parts of the brainstem. | pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain |
| What are the components of the central nervous system? | brain, spinal cord |
| What is the largest part of the adult brain? | cerebrum |
| Ventricles are cavities found in the ______ and are filled with ______. | brain; cerebrospinal fluid |
| What are some functions of the cerebrum? | initiation of voluntary movements, intellect and reasoning, memory storage, interpretation of sensory signals |
| What are some general functions of the brain? | perception of sensation, issues motor commands, regulates visceral activity |
| The brainstem is comprised by the midbrain, the______ and the ______ | pon & medulla oblongata |
| What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex? | motor, association, and sensory areas |
| Sensory signals from the skin (i.e. touch, pressure, pain) are ultimately directed to the __________lobe of the cerebrum to an area called the somatosensory cortex. | parietal |
| Within the brain, the major area that is the seat of intelligence, personality, and conscious sensation is the_____ | cerebral cortex / cerebrum |
| What part of the nervous system is responsible for sensation and perception, issuing motor commands, personality, and regulating visceral activity? | brain |
| The sensory areas of the cerebrum receive and interpret impulses from ______. | receptors |
| What is the function of the cerebral cortex of the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe (the somatosensory cortex)? | receives sensory signals from the skin |
| Because sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system cross over on their way to the cerebrum, centers in the right hemisphere interpret impulses originating from the left side of the body, and vice versa. However, two of the sensory areas receive impul | sensory areas associated with hearing, sensory areas associated with vision |
| The neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements are located in the ______. | brain |
| Areas of the cerebral cortex that are neither primarily sensory nor motor are called_______areas. They help provide memory, reasoning, and emotions, among other things. | association |
| The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe contains what functional area? | primary motor area |
| Because of the crossing over of nerve tracts, the_______ side of the brain communicates with the______side of the body, and vice versa. | right & left |
| Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum? | hemispheric dominance |
| The primary motor area is found in the___ lobe | frontal |
| The basal nuclei consist of ______ | gray matter |
| The diencephalon is located between the two cerebral______and superior to the_______ | hemisphere & brainstem |
| True or false: Both cerebral hemispheres are equally involved in all intellectual functions in most individuals. | F |
| The brainstem connects the ______ to the ______. | brain & spinal cord |
| The motor cortex of the cerebrum contains many large_____cells, named for the shape of their cell bodies. | pyramidal |
| The diencephalon is found surrounding what structure? | third ventricle |
| Functions of the cerebral hemispheres are divided such that ______. | one hemisphere is usually dominant for certain intellectual functions |
| The part of the brain called the _________extends from the base of the diencephalon to the spinal cord. | brainstem |
| Where are basal nuclei found? | cerebrum |
| Which statements about sleep are true? | It is characterized by inhibition of muscular activity. It is a reversible state of unconsciousness. |
| two statements that describe the location of the cerebellum. | posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum |
| The spinal cord ends near the intervertebral disc that separates the ______. | first and second lumbar vertebrae |
| Spinal nerve C5 emerges ______ vertebra C5 and spinal nerve L5 emerges ______ vertebra L5. | above; below |
| The spinal cord is a center for spinal______and conducts impulses to and from the brain. | reflex |
| The normal reversible state of unconsciousness characterized by limited sensory input and inhibited skeletal muscle activity is commonly known as | sleeping |
| the ______is a large mass of tissue located inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons. | cerebellum |
| The nervous tissue that becomes the spinal cord leaves the cranium through the | foramen magnum |
| The thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves are associated with (named for) the vertebra ______ the nerve's point of emergence from the vertebral column. | superior to |
| Which are the functions of the spinal cord? | It conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain. It is a center for many reflexes. |
| Where is the cerebellum located? | posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata |
| Where is the spinal cord located? | in the vertebral canal |
| What structure functions to conduct nerve impulses between the peripheral body and the brain and also acts as a reflex center? | spinal cord |
| All the basic components of a reflex are collectively known as a reflex | arc |
| A reflex arc begins with a sensory receptor at the dendritic end of a(n) ______. | afferent neuron |
| The simple neural pathway that mediates a reflex is called a(n) ______. | reflex arc |
| What is a reflex? | an automatic, subconscious response to a specific stimulus |
| What is the purpose of reflexes? | help maintain homeostasis |
| Because it only uses two neurons, the patellar reflex is an example of a ______. | monosynaptic reflex |
| A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus is called a(n___ | reflex |
| An ______ helps maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntarily processes and carrying out automatic protective responses (i.e. coughing, sneezing, vomiting). | reflex |
| A _____ is a nerve pathway that begins with a _____receptor and ends with an effector. These nerve pathways are very simple and can contain as few as two neurons. | reflex & sensory |
| In a reflex arc, sensory neurons or interneurons connect with_______neurons which carry information from the CNS to effectors. | motor |
| Reflexes ______. | are involuntary |
| components of the patellar reflex. | A motor neuron. A sensory neuron with stretch receptors in the quadriceps femoris muscle group. |
| The _____ tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information to the brain while_______tracts carry motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. | ascending & descending |
| The cranial nerves and spinal nerves make up the ______ nervous system. | peripheral |
| What is a nerve? | a cord of nerve fiber bundles bound together by connective tissue |
| Which tracts in the spinal cord carry sensory information? | ascending tracts |
| The _____nervous system consists of all the nerves that branch from the CNS, including the______nerves and the spinal nerves. | peripheral & cranial |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are recognized? | twelve |
| A _______is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue. | nerve |
| Within the spinal cord, ______ tracts carry nerve impulses to the brain while ______ tracts carry nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery. | ascending; descending |
| True or false: The cranial nerves serve parts of the head, neck, and also some structures of the trunk. | T |
| Cranial nerves I and II are associated with the cerebrum while the remaining cranial nerves originate from the | brainstem |
| How are cranial nerves named? | Roman numerals indicate the order in which they arise from the brain. They have names that describe their primary function. |
| The cranial nerve that is sensory only and transmits signals related to the sense of smell is called the____ nerve | olfactory |
| Cranial nerve I is also called the____ nerve | olfactory |
| Indicate the cranial nerve number for the optic nerve. | cranial nerve II |
| Most of the cranial nerves (cranial nerves III-XII), arise from what location? | brainstem |
| The ______ nerves are designated by Roman numerals and by names that indicate their primary functions and/or the general distribution of their fibers. | cranial |
| Which cranial nerve contains only sensory nerve fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of smell? | olfactory nerve |
| the _____ nerve contains only sensory fibers and transmits visual signals. | optic nerve |
| Indicate the cranial nerve number for the oculomotor nerve. | cranial nerve III |
| Cranial nerves I and II are associated with the cerebrum while the remaining cranial nerves originate from the | brainstem |
| What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)? | Controls muscles that move the eye, Controls muscles of the pupil, to adjust the amount of light entering the eye, Controls muscles that raise the eyelid. |
| Cranial nerve IV is also called the_____ nerve | trochlear nerve |
| When a physician moves a finger in front of a patient's face, asking them to follow its movement with their eyes, they are testing the function of the ____ | trochlear |
| Cranial nerve III is also called the | oculomotor nerve |
| Cranial nerve V is also called the | trigeminal nerve |
| three large branches of the trigeminal nerve. | ophthalmic division, maxillary division, mandibular division |
| The muscles that move the eyes and eyelids and the muscles that adjust pupil size and lens shape are innervated by the ______ nerve. | oculomotor |
| What are the effectors for the motor fibers of the abducens nerve? | extrinsic muscle of the eye |
| Choose the effectors for the motor fibers of the trochlear nerve. | extrinsic eye muscles which move the eyes |
| Cranial nerve VI is also called the | abducens |
| The ______ nerve branches into the ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division | trigeminal |
| Indicate the cranial nerve number for the facial nerve. | cranial nerve VII |
| Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eye? | abducens nerve |
| Indicate the cranial nerve number for the abducens nerve. | cranial nerve VI |
| Cranial nerve VII is also called the | facial nerve |
| What are the effectors of the motor fibers of the facial nerve? | salivary glands, tear glands, muscles of facial expression |
| two distinct parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII). | vestibular branch, cochlear branch |
| The ______ nerve branches into the ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division. | trigeminal |
| The first pair of spinal nerves is a purely_______nerve, while the rest are_______nerves, containing both motor and sensory fibers. | motor & mixed |
| Except for the first pair, all spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord as two short branches called ______. | roots |
| Indicate whether the vestibulocochlear nerve is sensory, motor, or mixed. | sensory |
| As the lumbar and sacral nerves extend inferiorly beyond the end of the spinal cord, they form the ______. | cauda equina |
| Motor signals leave the spinal cord through the ______ roots. Sensory signals enter the spinal cord through the ______ roots. | anterior; posterior |
| What provides two-way communication between the central nervous system and the muscles and skin of the upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk. | the spinal nerves |
| The fibers of each spinal nerve (except the first pair) connect to the spinal cord via two | roots |
| Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through openings called the ____ foramina | intervertebral |
| Which statement accurately describes the cauda equina? | A bundle of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the conus medullaris. |
| How do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column? | through the intervertebral foramina |
| A complex network of axons of anterior branches of spinal nerves that innervate a particular peripheral body part is called a ______. | plexus |
| The ______ branch of a spinal nerve innervates the muscles and skin of the back. | posterior |
| What type of fibers are found in the anterior root of a spinal nerve? | axons of motor neurons |
| The intervertebral foramina are openings through which spinal_____ exit the spinal | nerves & cord |
| What is a plexus? | an intermingling of nerves |
| the ___ plexus innervates the muscles and the skin of the neck. | cervical |
| Which region of the body is served by nerves arising from the brachial plexus? | upper limb |
| How do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column? | through the intervertebral foramina |
| The ______rami of spinal nerves innervate most of the deep muscles of the back of the trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column and the________rami of spinal nerves innervate the muscle and skin on the limbs and anterior trunk. | posterior & anterior |
| What areas of the body does the cervical plexus innervate? | skin and muscles of the neck |
| Nerves branching from the ______ plexus innervate the upper limbs. | brachial |
| What areas of the body are innervated by the lumbosacral plexus? | skin of the feet, muscles in the thigh, lower abdominal wall |
| The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis and controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of ______. | cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, several glands |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic parasympathetic |
| A motor pathway in the autonomic system involves two axons (fibers): a(n) _____fiber, which leaves the CNS, and a(n)______fiber, which leaves an autonomic ganglion and reaches an effector. | preganglionic & postganglionic |
| Identify the function(s) of the cervical plexuses. | supply motor impulses to muscles of the neck, transmit sensory information from the skin of the neck to the central nervous system, supply motor impulses to the diaphragm |
| What plexus gives rise to a number of nerves that control the muscles of the thighs, legs, and feet? | lumbosacral plexus |
| What functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system? | breathing rate, blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate |
| The preganglionic fibers of the_______ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord. | sympathetic |
| The division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the ______ nervous system. | autonomic |
| What are the origins of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons? | the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord |
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers both release which neurotransmitter? | acetylcholine |
| Indicate the origins of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. | The thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the | autonomic nervous system |
| The anatomical name that reflects the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the CNS is the ______ division. | craniosacral |
| Typically, if the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activates an organ, the parasympathetic division ______. | inhibits it |
| Stimulation at cholinergic receptors ends when acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme | acetylcholinesterase |
| The commands for the autonomic regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and water balance come from the area of the brain called the | hypothalamus |
| Typically, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervations at an organ have what type of actions? | opposing actions |
| When does stimulation at cholinergic receptors end? | When acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft. |
| At an organ or effector that is innervated by both the SNS and PSNS, what is the typical type of response to stimulation by these nervous systems? | One would inhibit the organ and one would activate the organ. |
| Programmed cell death, known as_____naturally occurs throughout life in the brain. | apoptosis |
| The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system arise from neurons located in the_____, ____and the medulla oblongata, as well as from neurons located in the sacral region of the spinal | midbrain & pons |
| Which are true about apoptosis in the brain? | If it fails, diseases like schizophrenia may result., It is a normal, natural occurrence. |
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Thuythi15