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chapter 31 -33 bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define community | assemblages of populations of multiple species interacting with one another within a single environment |
| define coevolution | evolutionary change in one species results in an evolutionary change in another |
| define ecosystem | species interacting with each other and the physical environment |
| define species richness | species composition of a community, used to compare communities |
| define diversity | goes beyond species richness to include species distribution and relative abundance |
| define ecological succession | more or less orderly process of community change |
| what is the purpose of a climax-pattern model | to explain why succession occurs and to predict patterns |
| what does a climax pattern model show | the climate of an area always leads to the same stable community aka the climax of the community |
| two types of succession | primary and secondary |
| define primary succession | occurs where soil has not yet formed, has to start from the very beginning |
| define secondary succession | occurs where soil already is, has to start with very little |
| the first species in an area undergoing primary or secondary succession are called | opportunistic pioneer species |
| what are opportunistic pioneer species like | small in stature, short lived, quick to mature, and produce many offspring per reproductive event, often are lichens or mosses |
| what are equilibrium species and what are they like | the larger, longer lived, slow maturing, slowly reproducing organisms that come after pioneer species are established |
| the five species interactions | competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism |
| define competition interactions | Between two species for limited resources has a negative effect on the abundance of both species (-,-) |
| define predation interactions | Predator feeds on prey, good for predator but not for prey (+,-) |
| define parasitism interactions | Parasite obtains nutrients from host but does not kill host, good for parasite but not for prey (-,+) |
| define commensalism interactions | One species benefits while the other is not harmed (+,0) |
| define mutualism interactions | two species interact and benefit each other (+,+) |
| define ecological niche | Each species occupies a particular position in the community, both in a spatial and a functional sense |
| define habitat | spatially, species live in a particular area of the community, such as underground, in the trees, or in shallow water |
| the ecological niche of a species includes | the role the species plays in its community, its habitat, and its interactions with other species; also includes the living and nonliving resources that individuals need to meet their survival demands |
| what does the competition exclusion principle state | no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time |
| the exclusion principle can be avoided by | niche specialization or partitioning resources |
| what is niche specialization | species fill the same niche but partition the resource (birds using the same tree but different parts of said tree) |
| what is community stability | fragile web of interdependencies |
| define keystone species | some communities have one species that stabilizes the community and holds the web together |
| the two ways organisms acquire food are | autotrophic and heterotrophic |
| define autotroph | take in only inorganic nutrients (CO2 and minerals) and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients (producers) |
| define photoautotroph | photosynthesizing autotrophs, release O2 as a byproduct |
| define chemoautotroph | obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds such as ammonia, nitrites, and sulfides |
| define heterotroph | consumers, need a source of preformed organic nutrients and release CO2 to atmosphere |
| define primary consumer | eats autotrophs directly, caterpillars and giraffes |
| define secondary consumer | eats the things that eat the autotrophs, praying mantises and lions |
| define tertiary consumer | eats the things that eat the things that eat the autotrophs, a frog eats a praying mantis which eats a caterpillar |
| what are decomposers | heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, release inorganic nutrients that are used by plants again |
| what is detritus | remains of dead organisms plus bacteria and fungi aiding in decay |
| when does the energy flow in an ecosystem begin | when producers absorb solar energy |
| when does chemical cycling begin | when producers take in inorganic nutrients |
| producers convert solar energy and nutrients into what | chemical energy via organic nutrients |
| how does energy flow through the ecosystem | organic nutrients pass from one component of the ecosystem to another, eventually turning into heat |
| how much of the energy from the previous organism flows onto the next organism | about 10% |
| of the food eaten by a herbivore | a large amount is turned into atp and heat, some is never digested and passed as feces |
| what energy is avalible to a carnivore eating a herbivore | energy that has been converted into bodyweight or additional offspring |
| define food web | interconnecting paths of energy flow between components of an ecosystem |
| define grazing food web | food web that begins with plants |
| define detrital food web | food web that begins with bacteria and fungi |
| define food chain | diagrams that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem |
| define trophic level | level of nourishment within a food web or chain |
| 1st trophic level is | producers |
| 2nd trophic level is | herbivores |
| 3rd and 4th trophic level is | carnivores |
| define biogeochemical cycles | pathways by which chemicals cycle within ecosystems, involves living and non living components |
| what are reservoirs | source normally unavalible to organism in energy cycles |
| what is an exchange pool | source from which organisms generally take elements in energy cycles |
| what is a biotic community | consists of autotrophic and heterotrophic species of an ecosystem that feed on each other |
| describe the phosphorous cycle | the slow weathering of rocks release phosphates, which organisms use in a variety of molecules, but it limits primary producer productivity and is transferred from organism to organism via dead plants and animals |
| define transfer rate | amount of nutrient that moves from one component of the environment to another within a specified amount of time |
| define eutrophication | over enrichment of a body of water causing an algal bloom |
| describe the nitrogen cycle | plants cannot take up nitrogen, so bacteria must convert it for them |
| describe the carbon cycle | animals release carbon dioxide, plants turn it into organic nutrients for food |
| define biosphere | encompasses all the ecosystems on planet Earth and final level of biological organization |
| list three aquatic ecosystems | standing freshwater, running freshwater, and saltwater ecosystems |
| terrestrial biomes are determined by | temperature and rainfall |
| define primary productivity | rate at which producers capture and store energy as organic nutrients over a certain length of time |
| what influences primary productivity | temperature, moisture, nature of soil |
| what is ecology and why is it important | scientific study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment, helps offer information key to the survival of species |
| environmental science is | applies ecological principles to practical human concerns, helps us to understand why a functioning biosphere is critical to our survival |
| conservation biology is | studies all aspects of biodiversity, goal of conserving natural resources including wildlife for benefit of future generations |
| humans have what kind of distribution | clumped |
| the growth of the human population has been | relatively slow |
| the growth of the human population grew quickly due to the | industrial revolution |
| what is growth rate | the difference between the number of people born and the number of people who die each year |
| what is doubling time | length of time it takes a population to double in size |
| describe a more developed country MDC | population growth is modest, high standard of living |
| describe a less developed country LDC | population growth is dramatic, low standard of living |
| when did mdc have population doubling and why | 1850 to 1950, better standard of living and decline in death rate |
| define demographic transition | sequence of events like this decline in death rate followed by decline in birth rate |
| when did LDC start to have lots of population growth | after WWII, introduction of modern medicine, continues to this day |
| 3 groups of age structure | pre reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive |
| define replacement reproduction | when individuals reproduce to replace themselves to maintain the population after they die (ex. couple has 2 kids) |
| LDC has what sort of age structure | pyramid, lots of pre reproductive not many post reproductive |
| what is the main cause of future environmental degradation | increasing LDC populations |
| do LDCs or MDCs consume more resources | MDCs |
| equation for environmental impact | population size x resource consumption per capita = pollution per unit of resources used |
| two causes of environmental impact | overpopulation and resource consumption |
| define resources | components of an environment that support its organisms |
| what are the three spatial patterns | clumped, random, and uniform |
| define population density | number of individuals per unit area or volume |
| define demographic | characteristics of a population (age, sex) |
| define life table | number of individuals that live or die at each age |
| what does the survivorship curve show | plots number of survivors per 1,000 births against age |
| what are the three types of survivorship curves | type 1, type 2, type 3 |
| what does a type 1 survivorship curve mean | survival high until old age |
| what does a type 2 survivorship curve mean | the possibility of death is equal at any age |
| what does a type 3 survivorship curve mean | survival rate is low with few individuals reaching old age |
| define biotic potential | highest potential rate of increase for a population when resources are unlimited |
| list the five demographic characteristics of a population that are linked to biotic potential | avalibility of resources, number of offspring per reproduction, changes for survival until age of reproduction, how often reproduction occurs, and age at which reproduction begins |
| high biotic potential characteristics | produce many offspring that reach maturity quickly |
| low biotic potential characteristics | produce few offspring that mature slowly |
| population growth is dependent on | biotic potential of species, other demographics, and resource abundance |
| what are the two patterns of population growth | exponential and logistic |
| exponential growth curve is shaped in a | J shape |
| logistic growth curve is shaped in a | S shape |
| define carrying capacity | total number of individuals that the resources can support |
| define lag phase | growth slow with few individuals |
| define exponential growth phase | growth accelerating |
| define deceleration phase | population growth slows due to competition with resources |
| define stable equilibrium phase | births and death about even |
| characteristics of an opportunistic life history | Tends to exhibit exponential growth; Members of population are small in size, mature early, have short life span, and provide limited parental care, Tend to be regulated by density-independent effects, high dispersal capacity |
| characteristics of an equilibrium life history | logistic population growth, large and slow to mature organisms, growth regulated by density dependent factors |
| define biodiversity | the variety of life on earth |
Created by:
grace012