Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ap psychology unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice (Maturation) |
| Observational learning) | We learn to expect and prepare for significant events |
| operant conditioning) | We learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results (operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning) | We learn new behaviors by observing event, watching others, and language |
| Behaviorists | Believed psychology should be the scientific study of observable behavior & all learning occurs through interactions with the environment |
| Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936): | Russian physiologist who warned the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. His studies on digestion accidentally discovery of the learning process now known as classical conditioning |
| Classical Conditioning: | Forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response, we learn to anticipate events |
| Stimulus | Change in the environment that brings about a response |
| Response | Reaction to a stimulus |
| Condition | Learn |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | The conditioned stimulus before conditioning takes place, does not elicit a response |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS) | A stimulus (UCS) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditioned response or reflex |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR or UR | An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus The response occurs naturally and automatically |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS)(During Conditoning) | The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Neutral stimulus (NS)(During Conditoning) | at first, but when paired with the UCS, it elicits a conditioned response |
| Conditioned Response (CR)(Post Conditioning) | The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus Learned reflexive responseInitial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened |
| Acquisition | Initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened |
| Contiguity | The CS needs to come half a second before the US for acquisition to occur |
| Higher-Order Conditioning “Second Order Conditioning”: a | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery: | Refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period Research has found that with repeated extinction/recovery cycles, the conditioned response tends to be less intense with each period of recovery |
| Stimulus Generalization: | The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned |
| Stimulus Discrimination: | The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Watson’s “Little Albert” Experiment: | Controversial classical conditioning experiment on an infant boy called “Little Albert.” Watson was interested in examining the effects of conditioning on the fear response in humans. Loud sound with mice, scared of mice. |
| Taste Aversion: | The avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food |
| Biological preparedness- | Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival |
| Operant Conditioning: | Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior |
| Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect: | : According to this principle, actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated |
| B.F. Skinner: | Founder of modern behavioral perspective, research on operant conditioning & schedules of reinforcement |
| Skinner Box | The chamber was essentially a box that could hold a small animal such as a rat or pigeon The box also contained a bar or key that the animal could press in order to receive a reward. |
| Reinforcing Stimulus | Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows |
| Positive (+) Reinforcement: | Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior, response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something |
| Negative (-) Reinforcement: | The removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior, response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant |
| Primary Reinforcement: | Occurs naturally and doesn't require learning in order to work. Primary reinforcers often have an evolutionary basis in that they aid in the survival of the species (food, air, sleep, water, and sex) |
| Secondary Reinforcers (Conditioned Reinforcement): | Involves stimuli that have become rewarding by being paired with another reinforcing stimulus (learned through association) |
| Token Reinforcer:Token Reinforcer: | Reinforcers are symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers Can be exchanged for material reinforcers, services, or privileges otherwise the tokens are worthless |
| Punishing Stimulus (Punishment): | Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows The timing of a consequence must be close to the behavior to make it effective |
| Positive (+) Punishment: | Presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows |
| Negative (-) Punishment: | Occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs |
| Shaping | Procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired complex behavior Successive approximations, you reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior, and you ignore all other responses |
| Chaining | Breaks a task down into small steps and then teaches each step within the sequence by itself |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| Continuous Reinforcement: | Desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs, used to teach a new behavior. (+) Desired behavior is typically learned quickly (-) Difficult to maintain over a long period of time, have to reinforce a behavior each time it is performed |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: | The response is reinforced only part of the time. (+) Resistance to extinction is greater than with continuous reinforcement (-)The disadvantage is that learned behaviors take longer to be acquired, not effective for teaching new behaviors |
| Fixed Partial Reinforcement: | Number of behaviors or length of time intervals is constant |
| Variable Partial Reinforcement: | Number of behavios or length of time intervals is variable. |
| Observational Learning: | The process of learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed. |
| Mirror Neurons: | Nervous system cells that fire both when an organism itself is doing a behavior and also when observing another organism doing the behavior |
| Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll: | Bandura demonstrated that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult mode |
| Modeling | Showing how something is done, learning takes place in a social context and has a cognitive basis |
| Cognition in Conditioning: | Researchers once thought of conditioning as automatic and not involving much in the way of higher mental processes. However, now researchers believe that conditioning does involve some information processing |
| Latent Learning: | One can learn something but not show the behavior right away |
| Cognitive map | mental representation that allows an organism to acquire, store, and recall information in a real or spatial environment |
| Insight Learning (Wolfgang Kohler): | A sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you” “Light Bulb” |
| The Premack Principle: | A person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence |
| Martin Seligman: | Investigate dogs in a cage with a partially electrified floor. Dogs who in previous experiments had been able to control the shock by pressing a working lever learned to jump over the barrier to escape the shock |
| Learned Helplessness: | A mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful, unpleasant, or aversive stimulus |
Created by:
xavier8