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Physiology Practice
Practice Final Exam Nightingale
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis., a negative-feedback mechanism. |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development. |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms | minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | transmitter |
| Intrinsic control: | is also autoregulation |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | positive |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC. G=C A=T |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids. |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | salts |
| Unsaturated fats | Will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Prostaglandins |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | amino acids |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | maltose |
| The basic building blocks of fats are | fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a | Triglyceride. Steroid. |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | primary |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+ |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane. |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | osmosis |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | active transport |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier-mediated transport. |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell. |
| diffusion requires | a concentration gradient |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA. |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | prophase |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to | hypertrophy. |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | neoplasm |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar. |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: | endocytosis. |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| The hypodermis: | connects the dermis to underlying tissues. |
| The area referred to as true skin is the | dermis |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Is important in communication and control |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | connective and epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | osteoclasts. |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | third |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | thumb |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | humerus. |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis. |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | knee |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | pelvic outlet. |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow. |
| The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that: | the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs. |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability. |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin. |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called: | dorsiflexion |
| The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cufflike arrangement around the _____ joint. | shoulder |
| The purpose of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction is to: | replenish energy supply. |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? | Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | Synarthrosis |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule. |
| An example of a pivot joint is(are) the: | head of the radius articulating with the ulna. |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension. |
| Endurance training is also known as: | aerobic training. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above. |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli. |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters.(n): | axon |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | local |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | true |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: | controls cardiac function. |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| Propranolol is an example of a: | beta blocker. drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. drug used to treat hypertension. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? | Brachial |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | false |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus. |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | cochlear |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as | visual acuity |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It inhibits the secretion of glucagon. It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes. |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. | acute |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin. |
| _____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. | Heparin |
| The vagus is said to act A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues isbrake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat. |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| What is the function of the spleen? | tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in tfluid balance and immunity.he body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs. |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| A drop in the body’s production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | carbonic acid. |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: | neutralize hydrochloric acid. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | protein. |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide. |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? | Oropharynx |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: | cholecystokinin. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | stimulate a compensatory increase in blood hydrogen ion concentration through the respiratory system. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid. | extracellular |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions. | sodium |
| For the body to maintain an acid-base balance, which of the following is (are) necessary? | Buffering Respirations Urine secretion |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | Meat Eggs Poultry |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | four |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45% to 75% |
| In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true? | blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries. |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the: | hypothalamus. |
| Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the: | intercellular spaces. |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. | 60%; 50% |
| When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma. |
| The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: | 7.4 |
| The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be expelled is: | luteinizing hormone (LH). |
| The foreskin in the male is also known as the: | prepuce. |
| What reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? | Epididymis |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. |
| Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system? | Prostate |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _____ phase. | luteal |
| Which of the following hormones causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts, making it accessible for the infant? | Oxytocin |
| The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is: | prolactin. |
| Which of the following cells contain 46 chromosomes? | Primary spermatocytes |
| Which of the following is a part of the supporting structures of the male reproductive system? | Scrotum |
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