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Sociology Exam 4
Vocab Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social reproduction | the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation |
| power elite | a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions |
| pluralist theory of power | the idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals |
| elite theory of power | the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions |
| social capital | the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us |
| social closure | a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others |
| cultural capital | symbolic resources that communicate one's social status |
| cultural hegemony | power maintained primarily by persuasion |
| hegemonic ideologies | shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions |
| collectivism | the idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group |
| xenophobia | prejudice against people defined as foreign |
| social change | shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions |
| collective action | the coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals |
| social movement | persistent, organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change |
| interdependent power | the power of noncooperation |
| repertoire of contention | shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions |
| insurgent consciousness | a recognition of shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action |
| standing | the authority to speak credibly on a particular topic |
| frame | a succinct claim as to the nature of a social fact |
| countermovements | persistent, organized collective action meany to resist social movements |
| counter frames | frames meant to challenge an existing social movement's frame |
| critical event | a sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivated non-activists to become potentially active |
| interest convergence | the alignment of the interests of activists and elites |
| globalization | the social processes that and expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states |
| cultural hybridization | the production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures |
| colonialism | a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain |
| global commodity chains | a transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers |
| global cities | urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy |
| nation-state system | a world society consisting of only sovereign, self-contained territories |
| world system | a global market organized by a capitalist economy |
| global imagined community | a socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet |
| risk society | a society organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk |
| Weber's types of elites | governing elites and non-governing elites |
| objectified cultural capital | materially represented as with a painting, a suit, a car, a meal |
| embodied cultural capital | a corporeality in the way a body stands, sits and moves |
| habitus | the non-material, logistical capital seen only in practice |
| field | the social world is divided into a variety of distinct fields, each field has its own unique set of rules, values, knowledges, and forms of capital |
| tastemaker | a museum curator |
| distinction | a system whereby aesthetic judgements serve as a medium of class boundary maintenance |
| collective behavior | the kinds of activities engaged in by sizable but loosely organized groups of people |
| political opportunities | public opinion in democratic vs autocratic context, increasing political pluralism & elite disunity, decline the repression, increased political enfranchisement |
| cultural opportunities | articulations of ideas ignite the popular imagination, often dependent upon a critical event, mass media engagement requires agreement by elites |
| economic opportunities | economic resources help advance movement goals, interest convergence can bring funds to movements, there are more resources than just economic capital |
| immanent critique | examination of a social entity using its espoused values as the basis of critique |
| the Enlightenment | intellectual emphasis on: evidence from the sense, the sovereignty of reason, the pursuit of happiness |
| Enlightenment values | liberty, toleration, progress, fraternity |
| lifeworld | a person's subjective construction of reality, which he or she forms under the condition of his or her life circumstances |
| system | The interconnected relationship between individuals, groups, and institutions with shared behaviors, norms, and values that combine to form society |
| civil society | associations of private citizens united in a common aim, to make use of their own reason in unconstrained discussion between equals |
| social justice | creating and fair and equitable society where all individuals have equal access to opportunities, resources, and rights, with a focus on promoting the dignity of all individuals |
| cosmopolitanism | open to cultural difference recognize the commonalities embrace global community |
| fundamentalism | values own culture as superior distrustful of others' beliefs supports distinct communities |
| ethnonationalism | a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of shared cultural, ethnic, or linguistic identity as the basis for creating a nation-state |
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