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Chapter 12 Chemistry

TermDefinition
Concentrated Solutions Have... lots of dissolved solute
Dilute Solutions Have... little dissolved solute
Concentrated & Dilute Are Example Of... qualitative terms: depends on what solution is compared to
Molarity (M) Equation moles solute / liters solution
Steps To Calculate Concentration 1) covert solute to moles & solution to liters // 2) divide to calculate molarity
Molality (𝘮) Equation moles solute / kg solvent
Mole Fractions Of All The Substances In The Mixture Total... 1
Mole Fraction (𝘟_) Equation moles A / moles tot
Mass Percent Composition (% mass) Equation (mass A / mass tot) x 100
In A Molality Problem, The Substance With The Largest Mass Is Converted To... kilograms (denominator)
In A Molality Problem, The Substance With The Smallest Mass Is Converted To... moles (numerator)
Types Of Mixtures homogeneous & heterogeneous
Types Of Pure Substances compounds & elements
Solute the dissolved substance in a solution (salt in saltwater, sugar in soda, etc.)
Solvent the dissolving medium in a solution (water in saltwater, water in soda, etc.)
Non-Polar Solutes Dissolve Best In... Non-Polar Solvents
Polar & Ionic Solutes Dissolve Best In... Polar Solvents
Non-Polar Substance Examples fats, steroids, waxes, benzene, hexane
Polar Substance Examples inorganic salts, sugars, water, small alcohols
Non-Polar IMFA dispersion forces
Polar IMFA dipole-dipole, h-bonding, ion-ion
"Like" Dissolves "Like" Because Of... IMFA
Cation Interaction negative side of particles are attracted the the positive central cation
Anion Interaction positive side of particles are attracted the the positive central anion
Solids Dissolve Best When They Are... heated, stirred, ground into small particles to increase surface area
Gases Dissolve Best When They Are... a cold solution, pressure is high
Electrolyte a substance whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current (tap water, NaCl, HCl solution, lactate solution)
Non-Electrolyte a substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current (pure water, sugar solution, ethanol solution, pure NaCl)
Suspension the particles are so large that they settle out of the solvent if not constantly stirred
Colloid the particle is intermediate in size between those of a suspension and those of a solution
Property That Determine If A Solution Is A Suspension, Colloid, Or Solution particle size
Gas Colloids fog, aerosol, sprays
Liquid Colloids milk, mayonnaise, paint
Solid Colloids butter, cheese, marshmallow
Tyndall Effect colloids scatter light, making a beam visible that solutions will not show
Miscible two or more liquids that combine into any ratio to form a homogeneous solution
Immiscible incapable of mixing to attain homogeneity
Saturated Solution maximum amount of solute dissolved at a particular temperature
Unsaturated Solution less than max solute dissolved at a particular temperature
Supersaturated Solution more than max solute dissolved at a particular temperature
Element single element found on periodic table (hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.)
Compound a combination of elements held together by chemical bonds (NaCl, H2O, etc.)
Homogeneous Mixture a mixture that looks the same throughout (saltwater, glue, etc.)
Heterogeneous Mixture a mixture where you can see physical differences (sand, pizza, etc.)
Filtration a process used to remove an insoluble solid from a liquid by draining the liquid particles through small holes
Distillation a process to remove a solvent from a mixture by heating the mixture until it vaporizes
Evaporation/Drying/Crystallization/Precipitation a process to remove a soluble solid from a liquid by cooling the solution to reduce solubility
Condensation a process to remove one gas from a mixture by cooling the mixture until the gas becomes a liquid
Filtration Physical Properties size & solubility
Distillation Physical Property boiling point
Evaporation/Drying/Crystallization/Precipitation Physical Property solubility
Condensation Physical Property boiling point
During Distillation The Liquid With The Lower Boiling Point Will... distills into vapor first
During Distillation The Liquid With The Higher Boiling Point Will... will remain a liquid
Solution Size x<1nm
Colloid Size 1nm<x<1000nm (visible with microscope)
Suspension Size x>1000nm
Solutions' Permanence do not settle
Colloids' Permanence do not settle
Suspensions' Permanence settles out on standing
Solutions Through Filter Paper unchanged
Colloids Through Filter Paper unchanged
Suspensions Through Filter Paper separated
Solutions Through Membrane unchanged
Colloids Through Membrane separated
Suspensions Through Membrane separated
Solutions With Light light does not scatter
Colloids With Light light scatters
Suspensions With Light light scatters until settled
On A Solubility Chart, The Curve Shows... the number of grams of solute in a saturated solution containing 100mL or 100g of water at a certain temperature
On A Solubility Chart, Any Amount Of Solute Above The Line Shows... all the solute has dissolved, becoming supersaturated
On A Solubility Chart, Any Amount Of Solute Below The Line Shows... all the solute is not fully dissolved at a certain temperature, becoming unsaturated
On A Solubility Chart, Curves That Move Upward Show... mostly solids because solubility increases with increased temperature
On A Solubility Chart, Curves That Move Downward Show... mostly gases because solubility decreases with increased temperature
Equation When A Solute Is Above The Line But Not Fully Dissolved total # grams in solution - total # grams of a saturated solution at that temperature
Stoich For Solubility use the known volume // use 100mL as conversion factor // convert to grams of the solute // answer is amount of solute needed to saturate
Electrolytes Appear As... ions on a visual
Acids, Bases, and Ionic Compounds Are... electrolytes
Alcohols Are... non-electrolytes
An Increase In Pressure Increases The Rate Of... solubility
Different Charges Means... different IMFA
An Increase In Surface Area Increases The Rate Of... contact
With Higher Temperature... there is higher KE, more collisions, and an faster rate of dissolving
Created by: abievans
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