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Stack #3837286
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| out of these options, which one is the red herring? chromatin, sister chromosomes, nucleoli, sister chromatids | sister chromosomes |
| define chromatin | a mixture of DNA and proteins |
| define nucleoli | a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase |
| define sister chromatid | one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division |
| in the cell cycle, most of the cell cycle is spent in what phase? | interphase |
| what is the most important step in interphase? when does it take place? | replication S phase |
| define true breeding | parents produce offspring with the same phenotype(trait), alleles are homologous when all of the offspring are the same and exactly like the parent |
| out of these options, which one is the red herring? codominant, recessive, semidominant, dominant | semidominant |
| define codominant & give example | both alleles are fully expressed AB blood type |
| define recessive & give example | gene that can be masked by a dominant gene light hair (recessive) is masked by dark hair (dominant) |
| define dominant & give example | gene that can mask a recessive gene dark hair is expressed instead of light hair |
| what is the law of segregation? | alleles separate during sperm & egg formation remember by: segregation is separation |
| what is the law of independent assortment? | ormulated by Mendel describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes. |
| what are the 4 phases of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase nuclear envelope breaks up condensation of the chromatin chromosomes become visible spindle forms |
| what happens during prophase? | nuclear envelope breaks up condensation of the chromatin chromosomes become visible spindle forms |
| what happens during metaphase? | chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus |
| what happens during anaphase? | sister chromatids pulling apart by the spindles |
| what happens during telophase? | nuclear envelope reforms |
| what is the purpose of mitosis? | growth and repair |
| define polygenic inheritance | trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles results in continuous variation of phenotypes within a population. |
| define incomplete dominance | both alleles of a gene are partially expressed (or incomplete), often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype |
| define sex-linked (or x-linked) | genes carried on the X chromosome |
| who are the carriers of X-linked disorders, and who gets the disorder? | mom carrier son gets disorder |
| what is fission? | split apart |
| what is fusion? | come together |
| do asexual cells do fission or fusion? | fission |
| what is an advantage & disadvantage of asexual reproduction? | A: faster D: environmental changes that can hurt one cell can hurt all the other cells |
| what is an advantage & disadvantage of sexual reproduction? | A: more diversity, environmental changes wont hurt all cells D: slower |
| how many nuclear divisions are there in mitosis and meiosis? | 1 in mitosis, 2 in meiosis |
| What chromosomes make a female and male? | female: XX male: XY |
| what are the 4 bases in DNA and RNA? | DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine |
| understand how complementary bases work | DNA: adenine & thyme, guanine & cytosine RNA: adenine & uracil, guanine & cytosine |
| What is the end result of mitosis? | 2 diploid cells (2n) |
| What is the end result of meiosis? | 4 haploid cells (n) |
| what is the diploid number in humans? | 46 (if =23, then 2n=46) |
| what is the haploid in humans? | 23 (half of diploid) this is also the amount of chromosomes in our sex cells |
| what is a karyotype? | fingerprint of DNA display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape |
| Because the X chromosome of much larger than the Y chromosome, what can happen? | there is more room for something to go wrong with the X chromosome |
| If a mother has colorblindess, is the male or female offspring more likely to get the disorder? | male more likely because colorblindness is a recessive gene, so males only need to inherit one gene for color blindness since they have one X chromosome |
| If a father has colorblindness, why would it not pass onto the female offspring? | because the mother will give the good X chromosome |
| what is a spontaneous mutation? | genetic changes that occur in the absence of mutagens and have no known cause chemical changes in DNA that lead to mispairing during replication |
| What is the likelihood of having a dwarf child (dominant trait) if both mother and father have parents with the trait? | 0% likelihood since mother nor father have the trait |
| Which blood type of the universal recipient? | AB |
| which blood type of the universal donor? | O |
| Purpose and function of meiosis and mitosis | meiosis: produce gametes (sex cells) mitosis: growth and repair, more cell division |
| When do we replicate DNA? | interphase, specifically S phase (S for synthesis) |
| what enzyme separates DNA strands? what enzyme adds the bases? | helicases separate strands polymerase adds the bases |
| the bases in mRNA are grouped into what? | sets of three bases called codons |
| if i have 64 possible combinations of something, but it has 20 outcomes, what can this mean? | more than 1 combination codes for the same outcome |
| codons code for what? | amino acids |
| what are the two characteristics of codons? define them | redundant: 3 different sets of codes coding for the same amino acid (think of if baseball were to have 4 people on first base) degenerate: no codons code for the same amino acid (in baseball, 1 at home, 1 at first base, 1 at second base, 1 at third base) |
| so if there are 64 codons available for 20 amino acids, what can this mean? | two or more codons encoded for the same amino acid |
| what is nucleotide chain synonymous to? what is it made out of? | synonymous with DNA strand made of sugar, phosphate, base |
| what is disjunction? | XY separate to different sperm normal separation or moving apart of chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell during cell division |
| what is nondisjunction? | XY goes to one sperm, or XX stay together failure of the chromosomes to separate can cause trisomi 21 (downsyndrome) |
| what is an example of codominant? | AB blood type |
| What is the central dogma in biology? | replication, transcription, translation |
| what is replication? where does it take place? | copying DNA eukaryotes: nucleus prokaryotes: cytoplasm |
| what is transcription? where does it take place? | DNA making RNA takes place in nucleus |
| what is translation? where does it take place? | RNA to nucleic acid, protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm |
| any process involving DNA takes place where? | Nucleus |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? what determines the protein? | amino acids the sequence of amino acids will determine the protein |
| what is another name for karyotype? | chromosome chart |
| define pedigree | family tree |
| define homologous chromosome | have genes controlling the same trait at the same position a maternal copy from the mother a paternal copy from the father |
| 1 codon that always starts protein synthesis is what? what amino acid does it code for? | AUD methionine |
| how many codons stop protein synthesis? | 3 codons |
| what is a terminator factor? | which occurs via the binding of a protein (release factor) that divides the polypeptide from the last tRNA & frees the ribosome |
| in a strand of DNA, what are introns and exons? | Introns: in between (USELESS) Exons: expressed |
| In eukaryotes, we cut out introns, and then exons are left to put back together. what is used to cut out introns? | spliceosomes (like scissors) |
| In prokaryotes, they dont have spliceosomes so instead of cutting them out, what do they do? | push it out |
| what are Watson and Crick known for? | double helix model similar to a twisted ladder complementary bases received nobel prize in 1962 |
| what is Chargaff known for? | the amounts of ATGC in DNA are constant among members of the same species vary from species to species this suggests that DNA uses complementary base pairing to store genetic information |
| what is Griffith known for? | investigated virulence of streptococcus pneumoniae transformation experiment with viruses and mice concluded that virulence could be passed from a dead strain to a nonvirulent living strain |
| in Griffith's Transformation Experiment, when mice were injected with a combination of a dead virulent strain and a living non-virulent strain, what was the outcome? | The mice died of pneumonia homologous antibiotics are commonly used to select for successfully transformed bacteria |
| What are Herschey and Chase known for? | used a virus called a T phage, composed of radioactively labeled DNA and coat proteins (in two separate experiments) to infect E.coli bacteria discovered that radioactively labeled DNA ended up inside the bacterial cells, causing them to become transform |
| among these terms, what is the red herring? phenotype, xenotype, genotype | xenotype |
| what is a phenotype? | physical traits |
| what is a genotype? | genetic makeup |
| what is polygenic inheritance? | trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles results in continuous variation of phenotypes within a population. |
| what is an autosome? | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| what are the different types of mutations? | spontaneous, induced, point, frameshift |
| what is a point mutation? give an example | single nucleotide base is changed sickle cell anemia |
Created by:
jordanj1