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Bio 2 Powerpoint 4
Bio 1082 Clickr ?s
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When animals die, muscles stiffen in rigor mortis because | actin and myosin cannot separate without ATP. |
| Shown is an electron micrograph of part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber. Which of the labeled regions will not shorten when the muscle contracts? | A band |
| Discrete subpopulations linked together by regular movement of individuals between them is called a(n) | metapopulation |
| Parental care of the young is usually associated with species with a Type ___ survivorship curve. | I |
| Populations have three basic types of spacing patterns—clumped, random, and uniform. One can observe random distributions because | individuals of the populations do not interact strongly with one another. |
| Ecology | study of interactions with one another and with their physical environment |
| Loss or degradation of a trait over time is called regressive evolution. If multiple, independent populations of cave fish were shown to be evolutionarily related to surface, sighted populations, and in each of the cave populations eyes were lost, what is | Natural Selection |
| Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 kilometers from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7%-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant? | These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. |
| Which of the following represents the correct ranking of dispersion patterns, from the greatest to least average distance between one individual and its nearest neighbor? | Uniform, Random, Clumped |
| Which of the following is the best natural example of uniform distribution? | territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season |
| Source-Sink Model | The source-sink model of metapopulations recognizes differences in the quality of suitable habitat patches.Source: Abundant Resources, High Quality Sink: Scarce Resources, Low Quality |
| Species are often composed of networks of distinct populations called metapopulations. Metapopulations occur in areas where | suitable habitat is patchily distributed and separated by areas of unsuitable habitat. |
| Starting from two bacteria, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a two-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every twenty minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) | 128 |
| The number of individuals alive at the beginning of a 1-year to 2-year age interval is 800. During this interval 200 individuals die. What is the survivorship for this interval? | .75 |
| Amur honeysuckle, an Asian native plant, has spread through SW Ohio since 1960. This is an example of | range expansion |
| Suppose seedlings of a plant emit a chemical that reduces the growth of other individuals around them. This would most likely result in the plants having a _______ dispersion pattern. | uniform |
| Which of the following is not a demographic process that determines the number of individuals in a population? | Migration |
| Which pattern of survivorship is most likely for an organism such as the sea urchin, which produces large numbers of very small offspring and provides no parental care? | Young individuals have a high probability of dying, but older individuals have a relatively low probability of dying. |
| Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population. | negative feedback |
| _______ capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species an environment can support. | carrying |
| If the rate of increase (r) of a population is zero, then the population | is stable in size |
| Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? | flooding |
| : Contrast Semelparity & Iteroparity | |
| You observe two female fish of the same species breeding. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is least likely given the limits of fitness trade-offs? | The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs. |
| dN/dt=rN | |
| E. coli, which doubles every 20 minutes weighs 10-12 g, while the Earth 6 x 1024 kg. At this rate, how long before E. coli would outweigh the Earth? | 1-2 days |
| Which of the following explains why you might expect the number of individuals in a population to increase exponentially but you should expect the number of tables that a carpenter produces to increase linearly? | Organisms can make more organisms, but tables cannot make more tables |
| Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, which of the following f | K |
| What is the carrying capacity for these wasps if there are 100 caterpillars in the environment each year and each one can hold a maximum of 80 egg sacs? | K = 80 x 100 = 8000 wasps |
| A population is growing continuously. The carrying capacity of the environment is 1000 individuals and its maximum growth rate, rmax, is 0.50. Determine the population growth rates based on a population size of 200, 500, and 1000 | 80, 125, 0 |
| A population of squirrels on an island has a carrying capacity of 350 individuals. If the maximum rate of increase is 1.0 per individual per year and the population size is 275, determine the population growth rate (Round to the nearest whole number). | 59 squirrels per year |
| If a population’s birth rate is density- _______, the birth rate will usually _______ as the population increases. | dependent,decrease |
| In the logistic growth model, as the number of individuals in the population (N) approaches the carrying capacity (K), the rate of growth (dN/dt) | approaches zero as N approaches K. |
| Agave and yucca plants appear similar and grow in the same environments, but agaves reproduce once and die, whereas yuccas reproduce several times before dying. Compared to agave, each yucca plant will probably put_______ energy into growth and produce __ | more,fewer |
| Starting with two individuals, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a two-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every thirty minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) | 32 |
| A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? | inhabiting the same general area & belonging to the same species |
| During exponential growth, a population always _____. | grows at its maximum per capita rate |
| Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? | competition for resources |
| Community | all organisms in an ecosystem |
| Distinguish between Intraspecific & Interspecific Competition and Inteference & Exploitative Competition | |
| When species occupy the same niche, they must compete with each other for limited resources. What is likely to occur in the long-term if two species occupy the same niche? | Exclusion of one species from the entire niche, but not the other species & Division of the niche into two subdivisions, each dominated by a single species |
| How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it? | Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor. |
| Resource partitioning can often be seen in similar species that occupy the same geographic area. These species avoid competition by living in different portions of the habitat or by utilizing different food or other resources and are called ____________ s | sympatric |
| As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetl | resource partitioning |
| Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? | Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. |
| Compare and Contrast Predation vs. Parasitism vs. Herbivory | |
| Distinguish between: Cryptic vs Aposematic coloration & Batesian vs Mullerian mimicry | |
| Many female swallowtail butterflies are not toxic, but they resemble butterflies that are toxic. This phenomenon is known as | Batesian Mimicry |
| A likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced is that they….. | |
| are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species. | |
| Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? | two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern |
| If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. | expand its realized niche |
| When two species experience niche overlap, | natural selection may result in character displacement |
| Resource partitioning | minimizes competition |
| A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is | mutualism |
| A small group of mice are released on an island without mice but with abundant food for mice and no predators. After the population size stabilizes for several years, a hurricane drastically reduces it, we can now say that | its new population size is a result of density-independent regulation. |
| What is the major difference between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry | All of the species that exhibit Müllerian mimicry are toxic; in Batesian mimicry, one or more species are toxic and one or more species are nontoxic mimics. |
| A volcano in Hawaii has erupted and completely covered a small island with lava. Following this disturbance, what process is likely to proceed? | Primary succession |
| A species with relatively low numbers that interacts in critical ways with many other elements of an ecosystem is called a ___________ species. | keystone |
| Cattle egrets follow cattle because cattle disturb insects as they walk, making insects easier for the egrets to catch. There is no cost or benefit to the cattle from this ________ interaction | commensal |
| A bird eats the fruit of a plant species. The seeds are not digested and germinate in the bird’s excrement at some distance from the parent plant. This is an example of | mutualism |
| Many tree species and mycorrhizal fungi cannot survive unless they are associated with one another suggesting a _______ relationship | mutualistic relationship |
| Some African woodpeckers specialize in removing and eating parasitic ticks from bodies of large herbivores. The relationship between birds and ticks is | predation |
| If a species of plant that is trampled by an animal eventually evolves sharp spines that prevent trampling, we can say that its association with the animal has changed into | competition |
| During a one-year study, researchers found no difference in treehopper populations in any of their control and experimental groups. What could they measure during the second year to gain information about why this might have occurred? | Measure the relative abundance of jumping spiders. |
| Define what a keystone species is, giving several examples | Provide a larger contribution then suggested by their population sizeWithout them the ecosystem would not function correctlyDisappearance would cause a domino effect- Decrease in biodiversity - Slower nutrient turnover |
| Which of the following best explains the rise in white tail deer populations in the US of the past 100 years? | Natural predators were eliminated |
| Which of the following is a result from the overpopulation of deer in the US? | Songbirds that live and nest in the forest understory are being eliminated.Large numbers of deer are starving to death in the winter Deer collisions with cars are increasing, with an average cost of $4500 Many wild flowers are being eliminated from the fo |
| In some circumstances, grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction? | Mutualism |
| Discuss the relationship between disturbance and species richness | |
| What is the path that most of the marine nitrogen takes to get to porphyrin rings in the chlorophyll present in the leaves of the forest trees? | Protein in the fish muscle, to urea in urine and excrement in bears and other animals, to ammonia in the soil, to ammonia taken up by the plant root hairs, through the xylem up to the leaves. |
| If removal of a species from a community has a greater effect on structure and functioning of the community than predicted from species’ abundance, then that species is most likely a(n) | Keystone Species |
| Suppose the fecal matter from dogs helps fertilize a particular species of plant, thus increasing the plant’s ability to grow in a particular area. The relationship between the dogs and the plants would be described as | commensalism. |
| The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that | Communities with intermediate rates of disturbance have greater species diversity |
| Which characteristic is not true of ecological succession? | Rate of change is rapid(just a few years) |
| During primary succession, what process is most important for the establishment of the soil and the colonization of a plant community? | Nitrogen fixation |
| With respect to atomic matter, Earth is mostly a(n) _______ system. With respect to energy flow, Earth is a(n) _______ system. | closed;open |
| All of the following undergo biogeochemical cycles except | energy |
| By definition, autotrophs are | primary producers |
| Which of the following is a primary producer? | Oak Tree |
| Following a severe ice storm in 1991 in Rochester, New York, the composition of the trees changed as the community recovered from the disturbance. This is an example of | secondary succession |
| Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? | Heterotrophs |
| The primary loss of nitrogenous wastes by these freshwater fish is via: | ammonium loss through the gills. |
| Which of the following is most likely true? | Nitrate is more soluble in water than O2 |
| What is a limiting nutrient? | |
| What are the most common limiting nutrients in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems? | |
| What limits energy flow between trophic levels? | |
| All of the energy in an ecosystem eventually ends up as | Heat |
| The number of trophic levels in most communities is limited by | the loss of energy between trophic levels. |
| Biomass pyramids in the open ocean are inverted in comparison to most terrestrial ecosystems because | producers reproduce so rapidly that a smaller biomass of producers can support a larger biomass of herbivores. |
| If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be true? | than the seal meat can. The fish can potentially provide more food for humans |
| Even though nitrogen constitutes 78% of Earth's atmosphere, the amount available for living things nearly all comes from | a few groups of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. |
| The amount of energy assimilated by green plants after energy used for maintenance and respiration is subtracted is called _______. | net primary production |
| Which of the following statements about succession is false? | As succession proceeds, K-strategy plants are replaced by r-strategy plants. |
| The second law of thermodynamics states that in every energy exchange, some energy becomes unavailable for further use. And yet energy-expensive life continues. How can we reconcile these two facts? | Earth is an open system and is continually receiving an energy supply. |
| According to the island biogeography model, _______ and _______ determine the number of species on an island. | the size of the island; its distance from the mainland |
| Denitrification involves | the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration by bacteria |
| Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore? | Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity |
| : During a year, plants never use 100% of the incoming solar radiation for photosynthesis. What is a reasonable explanation for this? | I) Plants cannot photosynthesize as well during winter (in cold winter climates). II) Plants cannot photosynthesize as well on cloudy days. III) The pigments that drive photosynthesis respond to only a fraction of the wavelengths that are avail |
| What organisms are considered Phytoplankton and Zooplankton, what they do, and why do they have those names. Internet usage is fine. | |
| In July 2010 many states passed laws banning phosphate in dishwasher detergents. All dishwashing detergent manufacturers in the US stopped using them. Phytoplankton, some of them green algae, are typically involved in eutrophication and are ~50% carbon by | Macroscopic phytoplankton have cuticles to prevent water loss. |
| In a pond ecosystem, a crayfish feeds on three species of algae. It in turn is preyed on by one species of fish and a heron. The heron also preys upon the fish. What is the minimum number of food chains in this food web? | 6 |
| Trophic Cascades | |
| Which one of the following statements about the trophic cascade in the sea otter-sea urchin-kelp communities along the West Coast of North America is false? | Increased orca (killer whale) predation on sea otters is linked to more profuse growth of the kelp forests. |
| Does this suggests top-down or bottom-up control? | |
| As big as it is, the ocean is nutrient-limited. If you wanted to investigate this phenomenon, one reasonable approach would be to _____. | experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas |
| Why is net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)?* | NPP represents the stored chemical energy that is available to consumers in the ecosystem. |
| Discuss the relationship between species richness and community stability | |
| High species richness | Less change in species composition,Less change in biomass,More resistance to invasion,Less affected by drought,Greater N uptake and productivity |
| Discuss community diversity in the tropics – both causes and effects | Environment stable (less seasonality):Probably, narrower niches support more specialists, More spatial heterogeneity: Yes, 3D, more microhabitats, narrower niches, More predators: Yes, more intense in tropics resulting in less competition, more niche ove |
| Discuss the science behind, and importance of, island biogeography | |
| Based on community studies involving white-footed mice, gypsy moths, and oak trees, scientists have determined that an increase in the mouse population leads to an increase in acorn production by the oak trees. If the mice prey on the larvae of the moths | An increase in the mouse population leads to a decrease in the gypsy moth population. |
| In bottom-up control of trophic structure | control is exerted by primary producers |
| Which one of the following ecosystems is most likely to show an inverted biomass pyramid but a normal energy pyramid | Open Ocean |
| The reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone in 1995 had _______ effect on aspen and _______ effect on elk. | an indirect; a direct |
| The introduction of a large predatory fish into a lake will lead to declines in the populations of smaller fish; this decrease in the smaller fish will lead to an increase in the plankton on which they feed. This phenomenon is called | trophic cascade.According to MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography theory, which of the following would be expected to have the smallest species diversity? |
| Which of the following statements about communities is false? | Energy enters communities through primary consumers. |
| The logistic growth equation describes a population that | grows rapidly at small population sizes, but whose growth rate slows and eventually stops as it reaches the number the environment can support. |
| Which of the following relationships has negative consequences for both species involved? | Competition |
| Two species of yeast are capable of persisting indefinitely on agar in the lab, but when they are grown together under similar conditions, only a single species remains after a few days. This is an illustration of | intraspecific competition. |
| After the introduction of the American mink into Belarus, the native European mink became larger, and the American mink gradually decreased in size. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this observation? | Character displacement |
| Discuss greenhouse gases and climate changing, including sources, impacts, and solutions. |
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pendleem