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AP Gov Unit 3
chapters 9,10,11,12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civil rights | protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law |
| Thirteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1865 prohibiting slavery within the United States |
| Fourteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1868 granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and placing restrictions on state laws that sought to abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States |
| Equal Protection Clause | clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics |
| Fifteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution passed in 1870 granting voting rights to African American men |
| Separate but equal | the doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal |
| Legal segregation | the separation by law of individuals based on their race |
| De jure segregation | the separation of individuals based on their characteristics, such as race, intentionally and by law |
| De facto segregation | a separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns |
| Affirmative action | a policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender |
| Social movement | large groups of citizens organizing for political change |
| Civil disobedience | the intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states |
| Nineteenth Amendment | a 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote |
| Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 | legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs |
| Political culture | the dominant set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship between citizens and government |
| Individualism | the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make |
| Laissez-faire/Free enterprsie | an economic system in which government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions song citizens and businesses |
| Rule of law | the principle that no one, including public officials, is above the law |
| Political socialization | the experiences and factors that shape an individual’s political values, attitudes, and behaviors |
| Political ideology | an individual’s coherent set of beliefs about government and politics |
| Generational effect | the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views |
| Life-cycle effect | the impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views |
| Globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world |
| Outsourcing | when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours |
| Public opinion | the sum of individual attitudes about government, policies, and issues |
| Focus group | a small group of individuals assembled for a conversation about specific issues |
| Scientific poll | a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language |
| Sample | a subgroup of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion |
| Random selection | a method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over/under-represent any group of the population |
| Representative sample | a sample that reflects the demographics of the population |
| Weighting | a procedure in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population |
| Sampling error | the margin of error in a poll, which is usually calculated to around plus or minus three percentage points |
| Mass survey | a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of 1,500 responses |
| Entrance survey | a poll conducted of people coming to an event |
| Exit poll | a survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who or what they just voted for and why |
| Benchmark poll | a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters |
| Tracking polls | a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign |
| Random digit dialing | the use of telephone numbers randomly generated by computer to select potential survey respondents |
| Question order | the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls |
| Question wording | the phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll |
| Right | something guaranteed, that the government cannot take away |
| Privilege | something a person may obtain or receive, but that the government can take away |
| Party ideology | a party’s philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues |
| Party identification | an individual’s attachment to a political party |
| Conservatism | an ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on businesses, and less government interference in the economy |
| Liberalism | an ideology favoring less government control over social behavior and more greater regulation of businesses and of the economy |
| Libertarianism | an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty |
| Laissez-faire economy | economic policy in which governments intrude as little as possible in the economic transactions between citizens and businesses |
| Command-and-control economy | economic policy in which government dictates much of a nation’s economic activity, including the amount of production and price for goods |
| Mixed economy | economic policy in which many economic decisions are left to individuals and businesses, with the government regulating economic activity |
| Gross domestic product (GDP) | the total value of goods and services produced by an economy |
| Economic recession | a period of decline in economic activity, typically defined by two consecutive quarter of negative GDP growth |
| Unemployment rate | the percentage of people actively looking for work who cannot find jobs |
| Inflation | the rise in the price of goods and services |
| Consumer price index (CPI) | the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living |
| Fiscal policy | government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic growth, and stabilize the economy |
| Federal Reserve System | a board of governors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy |
| Monetary policy | a set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy |
| Medicare | a federal program that provides health insurance to seniors and the disabled |
| Medicaid | a federal program that provides healthcare for the poor |
| Keynesianism | the government should stimulate the economy during times of economic recession by spending money to encourage economic growth |
| Monetary Theory | the government should match the growth of the money supply ot the growth in economic productivity |
| Supply-Side Theory/Reaganomics | the government should stimulate the economy by cutting taxes to encourage businesses to grow and taxpayers to spend more money |
Created by:
theshan