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CH 12. Gestalt
Psych 210 UNIT L
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain differences between Gestalt and h=behavioural revolts against Wundtian psychology | Gestalt criticisms of Wundt -element is tic nature of his work -“brick and mortar” assumes.. Constancy Hypoth: -1-1 correspond. —between specific individual physical events and sensations -sens isolated unless.. —intentionally arranged byWudnt |
| What did the gestalt psychologists mean by the expressions, “the whole is diff from sum of its parts” and “there is more to perception than meets the eyes” | -constancy hypothesis is incorrect -Brain actively transforms sensory info b4 enters concious -brain transforms sensory info Analysis should be top down, not bottom up -heresy |
| “Gestalt psychologi analyzed experience not like Titchener, who started with simple elements and attempted to show how they combined to create wholes, but by starting with the wholes and then describing the functions of the parts within those wholes.” | Fancier 1996 |
| What os the phi phenomenon? How is it produced? Why couldn’t phi phenomenon be explained by Wundt’s psychology? | -illusion two stationary flashy lights moving from one place to another -introspection of stimuli does not produce two successive lines of light -whole experie differs from sum of its parts -wertheimer believed exits as perc. —thus requires no expl. |
| Describe some principles of perceptual organization | Filed theory: believed applied to brain -nothing exists in isolation -emphasis on totality or whole -believed applied to brain —Brian creates field that influences info entering it, much like magnetic field influences metal particles |
| What is psychophysical isomorphism? And what are the Law of Pragnanz | -patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are structurally equivalent -psychological organization will always be as good as conditions allow -principles of perceptual organization |
| Sensations passively combined by the laws of association | Titchener (Sensation 1+2+3) |
| Sensations willfully arranged by mind | Unique (creative synthesis) Wundt |
| No mind Stimulus straight to behaviour (response) | Watson |
| Brain transforms sensory data according to Law of Pragnanz | Simple, complete, symmetrical Werthermier |
| Give an example of Koehlers research on insight of Tenerife | Problem solving: -special problem in perc. -cognitive trial and error -“insight” comes sudd -problem exists in two states: solved /unsolved 4 characteristics 1. Solution appears completely abruptly 2. “Error free 3. “Retained 4. Easily applied |
| Another example | -investigated intelligence of chimps -conducted in and around animals cages -simple props: bars of cage, bananas Sample exp: -banana suspended from roof of cage -reachable only by stacking boxes -chimps solve trial & error |
| How did insight learning differ from trial and error described by thorndike | Koehler -Thorndikes puzzle boxes criticized ads artificial -req. perception of relationships among various Pavlov: 0unable to replicate some of Kohlers finding -?’nd animals acquiring any deep “insight” Insightful leaning & trial& error learning |
| Epstein s Insightful Pigeon (1984) | -pigeons were trained 3 cpmpmenets : 1. Climbing on box w reinforced food 2. Pecking small box toward green target w reinforced food 3. Attempts to fly |
| What factors impeded acceptance of Gestalt in the States? | -incorrectly assumed it was about perception -behaviourism was at its peak of popularity -language barrier -all 3 founders taught at small US colleges -US psych advanced beyond Wundt & Titchener |
| In hwat ways did Gestalt psychology affect psychology as a whole,? | -flourished in 1920s Germany -failed to become major force in US psych, but -fostered continued interest in consciousness s experience -important antecedent to humanistic and cognitive psychologies |
| Operant conditioning may have been involved in Little Albert. When Albert reached out to touch rat, loud sound ensued. As result, Albert was less likely to reach out and touch white rat. This is an ex of… -+ reinf. - (-) reinf. -+ punish - - punish | Positive punishment |
| Which of the statements is true? -Gestalt psych. Started protest movement -Gestalt psychologists claim phi phenomenon result from kinaesthetic feedback -both -neither | NEITHER ! |
| Which of the following is true -Gestalt psychologists contend that what we experience cpncisouly is sensory info -“ “ agreed w behaviourists that psych should discard immediate concious experience as its subject matter -both -neither | NEITHER! |
Created by:
mackenzie.carroll