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Ecology Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| As a result of van Helmont growing a tree in a container for five years, what did he conclude for the source of the material needed for plants to grow? | water |
| At the time that Jan Baptist van Helmont (1580-1644) lived, what was generally understood as the source of the material needed for plants to grow? | soil |
| Pigment molecules all share what property? (Art uses the term slightly differently.) | They absorb/reflect only specific wavelengths of light. |
| The first autotrophic organisms likely used which method of obtaining energy? | chemosynthesis |
| The use of what wavelengths of light as a source of energy to drive photosynthesis has been discovered recently and a few species of cyanobacteria are known to use these wavelengths? | infrared |
| What is the abbreviation for the compound that carries energy stored in its chemical bonds from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to the carbon-fixation process (Calvin cycle)? | ATP |
| What is the abbreviation for the compound that carries high-energy electrons from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to the carbon-fixation process (Calvin cycle)? | NADPH |
| What is the source of energy for chemosynthetic organisms? | Inorganic compounds |
| What is the source of energy for photosynthetic organisms? | sunlight |
| Which gas in the present atmosphere does evidence indicate occurred at much lower concentrations or not at all when photosynthesis first evolved? | oxygen |
| Which group(s) include(s) species that are photosynthetic? | all of the other choices protists, plants, bacteria, archaea |
| Which of the following accounts for most of the carbon that is moved from the atmosphere to the earth? | photosynthesis |
| Which of the following happens during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? | CO2 is taken up and synthesized into carbohydrates |
| Which of the following happens during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? | Water is split, releasing electrons that are used to help fuel the synthesis of sugars |
| Which wavelength of photos carry the greatest amount of energy? | blue |
| Which wavelengths of light are used in photosynthesis in land plants? | red and blue |
| Why are accessory pigments important in photosynthesis? | They expand the wavelengths of light that can be captured |
| Why is ozone in the atmosphere important? | It blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation |
| At what point of a light response curve does the amount of carbon dioxide taken in by photosynthesis match the amount of carbon dioxide given off by cellular respiration? | light compensation point |
| Do all higher plant species have the same Calvin cycle enzymes? | yes |
| Do all plants species have Calvin-cycle enzymes that have the same optimal temperature? | no |
| If a small plant is in a forest that gets clear-cut, how does the light saturation point change on the light response curve change for that plant? | it goes up |
| In C4 photosynthesis, where are the Calvin cycle enzymes found? | bundle sheath cells |
| In plants that use C4 photosynthesis, when are stomates open? | during the day |
| In plants that use are using CAM photosynthesis, when are stomates open? | during the night |
| In which cell type does PEPcase fix carbon dioxide during C4 photosynthesis? | mesophyll cells |
| In which of the following does the initial carbon fixation occur as part of the Calvin cycle? | C3 Photosynthesis |
| In which type of photosynthesis does the fixation of carbon and the Calvin cycle enzymes not occur in the same cells? | C4 Photosynthesis |
| Under what environmental condition(s) is C4 photosynthesis better adapted than C3 photosynthesis? | all of the other response high light, hot temps, low carbon dioxide, water limitations |
| What can the nitrogen concentration of a leaf be used to judge? | the photosynthetic capacity |
| What is (are) altered when plants acclimatize to higher light intensity? | all of the previous density of light-harvesting pigments, amount of photosynthetic enzymes, leaf thickness, number of photosynthetic cells in a leaf |
| When stomates are closed during a sunny day, what happens to the concentration of carbon dioxide of the air in that leaf? | it goes down |
| When stomates are closed during a sunny day, what happens to the concentration of oxygen of the air in that leaf? | it goes up |
| Where on the light response curve do most plant function at when light is considered across an entire day? | light saturation point |
| Which doesn’t occur during CAM photosynthesis? | A 3-carbon compound is moved from vacuoles to chloroplasts during the night |
| Which factor most strongly favors the evolution of (non-aquatic) CAM photosynthesis? | water |
| Which is the limiting factor most strongly drives the evolution of aquatic CAM photosynthesis (aka aquatic acid metabolism)? | carbon dioxide |
| Which of the following has a spatial separation between the initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle? | C4 Photosynthesis |
| Which of the following has a temporal separation between the initial fixation of carbon dioxide and the Calvin cycle? | CAM |
| Which results in the greatest amount of photorespiration? | low carbon dioxide and high oxygen |
| Which type of leaf has a higher rate of cellular respiration? | high-adapted leaves |
| Which type of photosynthesis has the least inherent energy cost to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water assuming optimal conditions for photosynthesis? | C3 Photosynthesis |
| How do fungi digest food? | External digestion of complex organic materials |
| Rank the following classes of organic molecules from the most energy dense to the least energy dense? | Fats/lipids– carbohydrates/sugars – amino acids/proteins |
| The simple molecules that make up life are found in meteorites and were thought to have formed spontaneously in the atmosphere when life first began. Why isn’t the rain filled with these molecules today? | Molecular oxygen in the air prevents these reactions |
| What inhabits the guts of animals, including people? | all of the other answers fungi, archaea, bacteria, protista |
| What resource are crossbill birds becoming better adapted to that has resulted in incipient species forming? | Different types of cones on various species of conifers |
| Which diet is more closely matched to its need? | carnivore |
| Which does the present evidence suggest applied to the first forms of life? | heterotrophy |
| Which of the following would be the best indicator of food quality for a heterotroph? | the amount of soluble carbohydrates |
| Why do herbivores have a longer digestive tracks than carnivores? | They need more time and surface area to absorb nutrients |
| Why is fiber and other structural components of plants low in energy content even though much of it is composed of cellulose which consists of units of glucose? | Only fungi, some bacteria and a few single-celled Protista have the enzymes to digest it. |
| Why is the energy content of living organisms higher than that of a similar amount of detritus? | Decomposition has removed much of the energy content |
| Why might a heterotroph get more benefit from consuming tissues rich in amino acids rather than fats or carbohydrates? | The heterotroph may need nitrogen for growth as well as carbon for energy |
| Before hydrothermal vents were discovered, why was life in the deep oceans thought to have been very limited? | all of the other choices cold water, no ability for photosynthesis to occur, only food input from limited detritus from the ocean surface, pressure high enough to crush cars |
| How do producers around the thermal vents in the deep ocean get their energy? | Chemosynthetic |
| In a dense forest, why do all the lower tree branches die? | Because leaves on the lowers branches can’t intercept enough sunlight to exceed the light compensation point. |
| What does it mean if the leaf area index is less than one? | Some sunlight reaches the ground without hitting a leaf |
| What does it mean if the leaf area index is more than one? | More than one leaf is hit before sunlight reaches the ground |
| What does it mean if the leaf area index is one? | All sunlight hits exactly one leaf before reaching the ground |
| Which element is used the measure primary production? | carbon |
| Which is more important to an ecosystem? | net primary productivity |
| Which stage of succession has the highest net primary productivity? | mid-succession |
| Why might grassland plants devote more energy to root production than to leaf production? | water if often the limiting resource |
| Why might forest trees devote more energy to root production than to leaf production? | sunlight is often the limiting resource |
Created by:
klewellyn