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SOL Review Pack 2
Cells and Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allele | A version of a gene |
| Cell | The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms |
| Cell Cycle | The process by which cells grow and divide to produce more cells |
| Cell Division | The division of a cell into two daughter cells that carry the same genetic material |
| Cell Membrane | A lipid barrier that encloses the cytoplasm and controls what enters and exits the cell |
| Cell Theory | A theory that states the following: all life is made up of cells, cells are the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells |
| Cell Wall | A tough, protective barrier that surrounds the outer membrane of some types of cells |
| Cellular Transport | The movement of substances across the cell membrane |
| Chloroplast | A membrane-bound organelle in plants that is the site of photosynthesis |
| Chromosome | A single, highly organized and structured piece of DNA |
| Common Ancestry | When organisms are descended from a single ancestor |
| Cytoplasm | The jellylike material inside the outer membrane of a cell that holds the nucleus, organelles, and other components of the cell |
| Diversity | The quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc. |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | A molecule containing information that forms the hereditary material of all cells |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A cell organelle that surrounds the nucleus and is the manufacturing site for lipids (fats) and proteins |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Evolutionary History | The sequence of heritable changes that occurred among species since the origin of life on Earth |
| Evolve | To change the frequencies of alleles in a population over time |
| Favorable Trait | A trait that is beneficial to an organism and will likely be chosen by natural selection |
| Generation | Organisms of the same species that are at the same level of descent from a common ancestor; a parent is a member of one generation, and its offspring are members of the next generation |
| Genetic Variation | The variety of gene combinations that exist within a population |
| Homeostasis | The tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a balanced state to maintain health and function |
| Meiosis | A type of sexual reproduction in which a cell divides to form gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| Mitochondrion | The organelle that functions in energy production; the power factory of the cell |
| Mitosis | A type of asexual reproduction in which a cell splits, forming two identical daughter cells, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| Multicellular | A category of organisms made up of more than one cell and of different types of cells |
| Mutation | A change or damage in the DNA that permanently alters the genetic message that the gene carries |
| Nucleus | A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the DNA; the control center of the cell |
| Offspring | Product of reproduction; a new organism produced by one or more parents |
| Organelle | A structure inside a cell that performs a specialized function |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low-solute concentration to an area of high-solute concentration to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A cell lacking a nucleus or any other membrane-enclosed organelle |
| Punnett Square | A tool used to analyze the possible allele combinations of the offspring between two individuals |
| Reproduction | The process by which organisms produce more of their own kind |
| Semipermeable (Selectively Permeable) | A property of barriers that allows specific things to pass through |
| Sexual Reproduction | The reproductive process involving two parents whose genetic material is combined to produce a new organism different from themselves |
| Trait | A characteristic of an organism; can be genetic or acquired |
| Unicellular | A category of organisms made up of one cell |
| Vacuole | The organelle that stores water and food in both plant and animal cells |
| Variants | Different forms or versions of something |
| Variation | The occurrence of an organism, trait, or gene in more than one form |
Created by:
schristensen