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CH. 9 Behaviourism
PSYCH 210 UNIT H
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the basic tenets of watsons behaviourism and show how they differed from the positions of Wundt and Titchener | 1. Observable behaviour in objective terms -stimuli & response 2. Reject all mentalistic concepts & terms -images, mind, consciousness 3. Reject introspection -bc it assumes conscious processes 4. Goal=prediction and control of behaviour |
| Objective vs subjective observation | O=can be verified by more than one observer -researchers observation of what John says he is feeling S= cannot be verified by more than one observer -John’s observation of what he is actually feeling |
| What were the three major forces Watson brought together to form his new psychology | 1. Philosophical traditions Mechanism- view that all natural processes can be understood in terms of machines Positivism- view that science should restrict itself only to that we can know w certainty -for Comte, publicly observable traits |
| Functionalism | -biggest contribution: application -broadened subject matter: comparative psychology -broadened methodology: Angelo (1903) -questioning of consciousness as proper subject matter: motor theory of consciousness (Munsterberg) |
| Animal psychology | Tropism -forced movement towards the source of stimulation -rejection of conciousness in animals -focus on learning -goal is control of life phenomena |
| Jacques loeb | For the present, we can say that if any animal can learn, that is, if it can be trained to react in a desired way upon certain stimuli (signs), it must possess associative memory.” (1900) Jacques Loeb |
| Wozniak 1997 | Not only was Loeb's science to be oriented toward identifying the objective signs of psychical process and describing objective conditions that determin animal's reactions, it was to be science whose theoretical goal was control of learning and behavior |
| Discuss the impact of Clever Hans incident on animal psychology. What did Pfungts experiments demonstrate? | Clever Hans (1900s) -horse who could perform intellectual tasks -celeb thruout Europe and states Oskar Pfungst (1847-1933) -showed horse unintentionally cued by owner, thus it did not have a storehouse of knowledge -demonstrated phenomin lab w humans |
| Finally, to ascertain whether horse's behavior was under the control of visual cues, trials were included in which the horse was fitted with a pair of very large blinders. The distance between the questioner and the horse was also systematically varied | Wozniak (1999) |
| Discuss the impact of Clever Hans incident on animal psychology. What did Pfungts experiments demonstrate? | Impact on psychology -Watson reviewed Pfungsts experimental report -skepticism bout great feats of animal intelligence -highlighted importance of objective, study of animal behaviour w proper control conditions -FC |
| Relate Thorndikes connection is to the older philosophical notion of association | Birth associations -focused on associations between ideas Thorndike -focused on associations between stimuli and responses -more objective than Romanes and Morgan .. but still invoked mental processes |
| Describe Thorndikes puzzle box research and the laws of learning suggested by the results | Experimental Study of Associative Process in Animals (1898; 1911) Problems -only single case is studied’-observation is not repeated -previous history of animal is unknown |
| Thousands of cat occasions sit helplessly yowling, and no one takes thought of it, but let one cat claw at the knob of a door signal to be let out, and straightaway this cat becomes the representative of the cat-mind in all the books.” | Thorndike (1874-1949) |
| Only a single case is studied, so the results are not necessarily true of the type; the observation is not repeated, nor are the conditions perfectly regulated; the previous history of the animal in question is not known. | Thorndike |
| General Method | -hungry animals put in enclosures -could escape by simple act (pulling at loop of cord etc) -food was left outside in sight actions observed -record kept of time that he was in box b4 performing successful action -if not succeed after time, not fed |
| Conversely, any act which in a given situation produces discomfort becomes disassociated from that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is less likely than before to recur.” (1905) | • strong vs. weak law of effect Edward Thorndike Law of effect -all mammals learn in the same manner -learning is not mediated by ideas |
| Law of exercise | -use of response in situation strengthens bond betweeen response and situation -disuse of response weakens bond -“use it of lose it”; “practice makes perfect” -played relatively small role in his system -enormous impact on educational practice.. why? |
| Describe Pavlov’s work on conditioning. Discuss his initial focus on mentalistic experiences | -method of surgical exposure First psychology experiments -held petite of bread in hand showed to dog b4 giving to animal to eat -dog salivated not only when food placed in mouth but also b4just at sight of food Later exp. -buzzers, lights, whistles |
| Pavlov was fascinated by the adaptability of the glands. He found, for instance, that if he gave a dog dry, hard food, there was a heavy flow of saliva; if he gave the animal watery food, there was very little saliva. | “It is as if the glands possessed a kind of intelligence”-Pavlov said Chance |
| But nothing came of this except sterile controversy and individual views that could not be reconciled. And so we could do nothing but conduct the research on a purely objective basis.” | Ian Pavlov |
| How would you design an experiment to condition a rabbit to salivate to the ringing of a cell phone | 1. US—> UR (relation = U reflex) 2. NS paired w US 3. CS—> CR (relation = C reflex) 1. US(food)—> UR(salivation) 2. NS(metronome) paired w US (food) 3. CS (metronome()—>CR(salivation) |
| Phenomena explored by Pavlov | Experimental neurosis -occurs when animals confronted by unavoidable conflicts between 2 strong but incompatible response tendencies: eg to salivate (excitation) or suppress salivation (inhibition) -likened to stress-induced breakdowns in humans |
| Pavlov provided most of the terms and laws of the experimental psychology of learning, e.g., conditioning, CR, UR, reinforcement, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, generalization differentiation, inhibition,higher order conditioning. | Pavlov’s significance to psychology |
| Why are hospital admissions and or death from heroin overdose especially likely when addicts take their drugs under unusual circumstances | Because NS paired with US Because ritual paired with heroin in bloodstream |
| pair emotionally charged words (extremists, hijacked, killing) with the words designating a particular group (Muslim) and are likely to affect our feelings toward members of that group. 9/11 | Resembles Staast and Staatrs experiment |
| PSYC 201: UNIT G Video Quiz Toward A School of Their Own (4) True or False? | Refer to doc |
| Which is true Darwin did not study evolutionary aspects of animal behaviour In 1904 W.J. Claimed consciousness as scientific object, opening door for other psychologists to disavow study of consciousness and instead endorse study of behaviour | In 1904 |
| Your professor would agree with which statement Although Thorndike developed his theory in more objective frame of reference he continued to invoke mental processes The works of Thorndike and Pav provide ex of indep. Simultaneous discoveries. | Niether a nor b |
| Which statement is true? Pav’s monumental discovery of conditioned reflex was accidental Pav’s studies of conditioned reflex earned him Nobel Prize in 1904 | Pav’s discovery of CR was accidental |
| Supposed that while out for walk seeing neighbours dog causes you to tremble in fear bc on past walks that dog growled at you. Your UR is.. -dog growling -your fear response to dog growling’ -going for walk -sight of dog -your fear of sight of dog | Your fear response to the growling |
Created by:
mackenzie.carroll