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AP REVIEW
AP PYSCH REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Structuralism | used INTROSPECTION (act of looking inward to examine mental experience) to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind |
| Functionalism | need to analyze the PURPOSE of behavior |
| Psychoanalytic/dynamic | unconscious, childhood |
| Behavioral | learned, reinforced |
| Humanistic | free will, choice, ideal, actualization |
| Cognitive | Perceptions, thoughts |
| Evolutionary | Genes |
| Biological | Brain, NTs |
| Sociocultural | society |
| Biopsychosocial | combo of above: |
| Mary Calkins | First Fem. Pres. of APA |
| Charles Darwin: | Natural selection & evolution |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformed mental institutions in U.S |
| Stanley Hall | 1st pres. of APA1st journal |
| William James | Father of American Psychology – functionalist |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Father of Modern Psychology – structuralist |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | 1st fem. PhD |
| Christine Ladd Franklin | 1st fem. |
| Basic research | purpose is to increase knowledge (rats) |
| Applied research | purpose is to help people |
| Psychologist | research or counseling – MS or PhD |
| Psychiatrist | prescribe medications and diagnose – M.D |
| EXPERIMENT | Adv: researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect Disadv: difficult to generalize |
| Independent Variable: | manipulated by the researcher |
| Experimental Group: | received the treatment (part of the IV) |
| Control Group: | placebo, baseline (part of the IV) |
| Placebo Effect: | show behaviors associated with the exp. group when having received placebo |
| Double-Blind: | Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies) |
| Single-Blind | only participant blind – used if experimenter can’t be blind (gender, age, etc) |
| Dependent Variable: | measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable) |
| Operational Definition: | clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables – allows replication |
| Confound | error/ flaw in study |
| Random Assignment | : assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random – minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation |
| Random Sample | method for choosing participants – minimizes bias Assignment and sampling can be done via names in a hat, computer |
| Validity | accurate results |
| Reliability | same results every time |
| NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION: | Adv: real world validity (observe people in their own setting) Disadv: No cause and effect |
| CORRELATION | Adv: identify relationship between two variables Disadv: No cause and effect |
| Positive Correlation | variables increase & decrease together |
| Negative Correlation | as one variable increases the other decreases |
| 3rd variable problem (lurking variable) | diff. variable is responsible for relationship (breast implants & suicide) |
| Illusory correlation | belief of correlation that doesn’t exist (old man predicts rain from arthritis) |
| CASE STUDY | Adv. Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail – lots of info Disadv: No cause and effect |
| DESCRIPTIVE STATS: | shape of the data |
| Mean | Average (use in normal distribution) |
| Median | Middle # (use in skewed distribution) |
| Mode | occurs most often |
| INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: | establishes significance (meaningfulness) |
| STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE | results not due to chance |
| Confidentiality | names kept secret |
| Informed Consent | must agree to be part of study |
| Debriefing | must be told the true purpose of the study (done after for deception);Deception must be warranted No harm– mental/physical |
Created by:
gisellep224