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AP 1 Chp 14 pt 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Brain- | -Integrates and processes sensory and motor information -Origin of higher mental functions like intelligence, memory, and emotions -weighs about 3 lbs -12 cranial nerves -cranial reflexes |
| Brain has four major regions- | 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Brainstem |
| The cerebrum- | -largest part of a adult brain -controls higher mental functions -divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres -cerebral cortex |
| The cerebral cortex- | highly folded superficial gray matter for thinking |
| Gyri- | rounded elevations (hills) that increase surface area |
| Sulci- | Shallow grooves (valleys) |
| Fissures- | Deep grooves (canyons) that separate larger brain regions |
| The cerebellum- | -Second largest part of brain -Adjust ongoing movement -Cerebellar cortex |
| Cerebellar cortex- | -External covering of gray matter |
| The Diencephalon (Seahorse)- | -Deep inside brain -Thalamus -Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus - | Relay and processing of all sensory information except smell |
| Hypothalamus- | -Connected to endocrine organ pituitary gland by infundibulum |
| Three parts of brainstem- | -Midbrain -Pons -Medulla oblongata |
| Neural tube- | Hollow cylinder that develops into CNS |
| Three primary brain Vesicles- | 1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
| Prosencephalon (forebrain)- | -telencephalon -diencephalon |
| Rhombencephalon- | -metencephalon -myelencephalon |
| Telencephalon- | forms cerebrum |
| Diencephalon- | remains as thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Mesencephalon- | Remains as midbrain |
| Metecephalon- | forms cerebellum and pons |
| Myelencephalon- | Forms medulla oblongata |
| Brains ventricles- | Where CSF is produced by ependymal cells |
| Neural tube expands to four hollow chambers called the ventricular system- | -Two lateral ventricles (the 1st and 2nd ventricles) -3rd ventricle -4th ventricle -Passageways between called inter ventricular foramen and cerebral aqueduct |
| Lateral ventricles- | -separated by thin wall called the septum pellucid -drain to 3rd ventricle via inter ventricular foramen -the giant ram horns (two) |
| Third ventricle- | -communicates with each lateral ventricle -narrows into the cerebral aqueduct -the seahorses head |
| Fourth ventricle | -Extends into and through the medulla oblongata -joins central canal of spinal cord -the fin on the back of the seahorse |
| Physical protection of the Brian - | -bones of the cranium -cranial meninges -cerebrospinal fluid |
| Biochemical isolation- | -blood brain barrier |
| Three cranial meninges- | -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater |
| Dura Mater- | -"tough mother" -Most superficial of the three layers -dural folds |
| Dural folds- | -Stabilize and support brain -Contain collecting veins called the dural venous sinuses |
| Three larges dural folds- | -Falx cerebri -Tentorium cerebelli -Falx cerebelli |
| Falx cerebri- | -Projects between cerebral hemispheres -Contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus |
| Tentorium cerebelli- | -Separates cerebrum from cerebellum -Contains transverse sinus |
| Falx cerebelli- | -Divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli |
| Arachnoid mater- | -"spinner mother" -covers brain -in life, it attaches to dura mater -Subarachnoid space |
| Subarachnoid space- | -Lies between arachnoid mater and Pia mater -Where cerebrospinal fluid circulates around the brain |
| Pia mater- | -"delicate mother" -deepest layer -attached directly to brain, anchored by astrocytes |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- | -Filtrate leaking out of choroid plexus capillaries -Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS -Functions: neutral buoyancy, cushions, homeostasis, clears brain |
| The choroid plexus- | -Produces CSF -Specialized ependymal cells surround capillaries and secrete CSF into ventricles |
| Arachnoid granulations- | -Large clusters of arachnoid villi in adults -Absorb CSF into venous circulation |
| Meninges and dural folds protect CNS- | -Dural folds hold brain in position -CSF cushions brain against sudden jolts -Spinal tap/lumbar puncture |
| Blood supple to brain- | -Neurons have no glucose or lipid reserves and no myoglobin to store oxygen -Most blood is removed from dural venous sinuses by internal jugular veins |
| The blood brain barrier- | -Acts as a barrier between the bloodstream and the extracellular space of the brain -Endothelial cells form barrier using tight junctions -Astrocytes maintain and stimulate the endothelial cells |
| The medulla oblongata | - Most inferior part of brainstem -Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes -includes three group of nuclei |
| Reticular formation (consciousness)- | -Breathing, blood pressure, thermoregulation (autonomic) -Body posture, MSK reflexes, alertness, and sleep |
| Cardiovascular center- | -Heart rate, strength of cardiac contraction, flow of blood I periphery -Responds to changes in BP from baroreceptors in carotids |
| Respiratory rhythmicity centers- | -Sets pace of respiratory movements -Respond to chemoreceptors in carotids |
| Medulla oblongata- | -reticular breathe and BP (awake) -cardio rate + strength -Respire pace of breathing -autonomic reflexes! swallowing sneezing coughing vomiting |
| Reflexive action- | -Swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing |
| Movement of coordination- | inferior olivary nucleus relays info to the cerebellum (movement regulator) creates the olives |
| Visceral sensory information- | Solitary nucleus |
| Somatic sensory information- | -gracilis nucleus -cuneate nucleus |
| Medullary pyramids- | -Contain the fibers of the pyramidal tracts involved in the control of motor functions of the body |
| Decussation- | --the crossing from brain to spinal cord (90%) -90% of the fibers cross over to contralateral side and descend carrying motor information |
| Respiratory centers- | -Apneustic center -Pneumotaxic center (tell respiratory center of medulla how fast to breathe ) |
| Pontine fibers- | -Transverse pontine fibers link cerebellum to potine nuclei |
| Midbrain- | -cerebral peduncles connect cerebrum to midbrain -cerebral aqueduct (allows CSF to flow down from third to fourth ventricle ) -Tectum -Tegmentum -reticular activating system (consciousness) |
| Tectum- | -Tectum (roof) is the master coordinate system for sensory afferents -Corpora quadrigemina (back of "seahorse neck") -Allows the body to create a sensory rendering of its environment |
| Superior colliculus- | -Receives visual information; reflex response to visual stimuli (bright light) |
| Inferior colliculus- | receives auditory information; reflex response to auditory stimuli (loud noise) |
| Red nucleus - | -subconscious upper limb position- motor coordination of arms |
| Substantia nigra- | -Produces dopamine (Parkinson's patients- bleached out because melanin is the byproduct of dopamine). SN inhibit basal nuclei |
| Periaqueductal gray- | -Mass of gray matter surrounding cerebral aqueduct -Suppression of pain. Fight or flight activity |
| Coordinates movement- | smoothing out movements, ex. touching an object with your finger requires aim and controlling the amount of pressure and velocity |
| How information flows out of and into the cerebellum: | 1. Motor plan- executed by somatic motor gyrus; which muscles and at what intensity/duration 2. Position sense- compares m.p. with information about... 3. Feedback- to motor area of cortex to change activity of muscles performing movement. |
| Structures of the cerebellum- | -Cerebellar cortex -Folia -Anterior and posterior lobes -cerebellar hemispheres -Vermis |
| Purkinje cell layer- | -Use GABA as neurotransmitter and therefore exert inhibitory effects on their targets |
| Arbor vitae (tree of life)- | -highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum -involuntary coordination of ongoing body moments by communcating with purkinje cell layer |
| Cerebellar peduncles- | Tracts that link cerebellum with brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord |
| Ataxia- | -disturbance in muscular coordination -caused by -damage from trauma or stroke -intoxication (temporary impairment) |
| Functions of the cerebellum- | -adjust postural muscles -program and fine-tune conscious and subconscious movements |
Created by:
mplow