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Intro to research
Final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An educated guess as to the outcome of a study is known as the research hypothesis | true |
| participants/subjects? A clinician wishes to assess the effectiveness of two different exercises on patellar tracking in patients with chondromalacia. | patients with chondromalacia |
| Dependent variable? effectiveness of 2 different exercises on patellar tracking in patients with chondromalacia. Patients do static quad sets, and patients assigned to a second physical therapist do straight-leg raises with external femoral rotation. | Proper patellar tracking during knee extension |
| independent variable? Patients assigned to one physical therapist do static quad sets, and patients assigned to a second physical therapist do straight-leg raises with external femoral rotation. | Static quad sets or straight-leg raises |
| dependent variable? A physical therapist wishes to study the effect of participation in a conditioning class on grip strength in elderly women. | Grip strength |
| independent variable? A physical therapist wishes to study the effect of participation in a conditioning class on grip strength in elderly women. | the 6-week conditioning class |
| participants/subjects? A physical therapist wishes to study the effect of participation in a conditioning class on grip strength in elderly women. The grip strength of 25 participants in a conditioning class | 25 Elderly Women |
| participants/subjects? Members of a group of 40 subjects are matched as closely as possible on finish times for the mile run. One group participates in a running class, and the other does not. | 40 Subjects |
| independent variable? One group participates in a running class, and the other does not. Both groups' VO2 maxs are tested at the end of the semester. | Participates in a running class |
| dependent variable? The effect of participation in a running class on VO2 max is studied. One group participates in a running class, and the other does not. Both groups' VO2 maxs are tested at the end of the semester. | VO2 max |
| Correlational research is a form of experimental research. | False |
| Mixed methods research involves both qualitative and quantitative methods. | True |
| Which of the following is the best definition of research? | A structured process for solving problems or answering questions |
| In a study of cause and effect, the cause variable is called the independent variable. | True |
| Which of the following are characteristic of internal validity? | It reflects the degree to which changes in the dependent variable(s) are caused by the independent variable(s). |
| Which of the following types of research is conducted expressly to confirm or refute cause-effect relationships? | Experimental research |
| The process of deductive reasoning involves deriving a conclusion from two or more premises. | True |
| The variable that is measured is called the independent variable. | False |
| Research conducted to document the characteristics of a group is termed | Descriptive |
| Basic and applied research constitute two independent categories. | False |
| When numerous studies confirm a cause-effect relationship it becomes a | Theory |
| dependent variable? A researcher is interested in the effect of fatigue on running stride length in rats. A group of rats is run to exhaustion on rat treadmills. Every 2 minutes, a high-speed camera is turned on to enable measurement of rat stride length. | Running stride length |
| participants/subjects? interested in the effect of fatigue on running stride length in rats. A group of rats is run to exhaustion on rat treadmills. Every 2 minutes, a high-speed camera is turned on to enable measurement of rat stride length. | Rats |
| independent variable? A researcher is interested in the effect of fatigue on running stride length in rats. A group of rats is run to exhaustion on rat treadmills. | Running on a treadmill to exhaustion/fatigue |
| Which of the following is true of the scientific method? | It is a structured, orderly process for conducting a research study. |
| The process of deriving a general conclusion from a specific example is known as | Inductive reasoning |
| Which of the following terms is specific to studies in which a finding from basic research is first investigated in humans? | Translational research |
| In good research writing, each paragraph must be distinct, with no reference to the previous paragraph. | Flase |
| Which of the following types of research is conducted expressly to confirm or refute cause-effect relationships? | Experimental research |
| A research journal publishes original research papers and/or review papers. | True |
| Which if the following is not a potential purpose for a published literature review? | To present the findings of an original research study |
| Which of the following is reference management software? | EndNote |
| Sports Medicine is an example of a journal that publishes only literature reviews. | True |
| Which of the following is true of journal impact factors? | They are lower for more highly specialized journals. |
| Which of the following is not a purpose for a student to write a literature review? | To present a statistical analysis of data |
| To narrow down the results of a literature search is to delimit it. | True |
| Subscription-based online search engines include ScienceDirect, Ovid, and the Web of Science. | True |
| The percentage of submitted papers that are published in a journal is known as the acceptance rate. | True |
| A literature review is one form of an original research paper. | Flase |
| The methods section of a research paper begins with a clear statement of the purpose of the study. | False |
| Which of the following is not a function of a reviewer of papers for a journal? | Correcting any grammatical errors |
| Journals that publish papers related to practical aspects of a profession are known as professional journals. | True |
| Before writing a literature review, it is important to develop an outline to provide a framework. | True |
| The online search engine provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine is Pubmed | True |
| _______ are things a researcher must trust that are true in the absence of actual verification. | assumptions |
| A good ______ is the heart of a strong research proposal. | problem statement |
| A specific aim will have a research hypothesis that is associated with it. | True |
| Delimitations are boundary conditions intentionally selected by a researcher in designing a study. | True |
| You do not have to include inclusion/exclusion criteria for how participants are selected. | False |
| When writing a rationale for a study proposal, it is always best to start with _______ | an outline listing the points you want to make |
| The population size is the number of participants involved in a study. | Flase |
| When describing participants for a research proposal, which of the following is usually not described (part of descriptive data)? | IQ |
| The _________ typically follows right after the problem statement within a research proposal. | True |
| The Institutional Review Board is the official body that must approve of research studies involving human participants at a college/university | True |
| Because research papers are often peer reviewed prior to publication, you can be confident that they contain no errors or misstatements. | Flase |
| The risk/benefit ratio is evaluated to ensure that the potential risks to participants do not outweigh any benefits. | True |
| It is not considered plagiarism if the act is unintentional. | Flase |
| The professor supervising a student's research is always the first author on any resulting research papers. | False |
| Restating someone else's words in your own words is called | Paraphrasing |
| Every university at which research on human participants is conducted must have a(n) Institutional Review Board that reviews proposals before the research can be conducted. | True |
| Which of the following is regulated by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)? | The ways in which protected health information can be stored and utilized |
| Which of the following is not advocated by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? | Use of established guidelines for the purchasing of laboratory animals |
| Which of the following statements is true? | If risks to participants cannot be well managed, a study is not likely to be approved by the IRB. |
| Which of the following is not part of informed consent? | Guarantee of insurance coverage from HIPPA |
| A measurement or observation that is way out of line with the rest of the data set is called a(n) outlier. | True |
| Which of the following statements regarding authorship on a research paper is true? | Since there are no rules for authorship, this should be discussed. |
| Plagiarism is the act of presenting a piece of writing, a drawing, or an idea that originated with someone else as if it had originated with you. | True |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding experimental research designs? | The posttest-only design is the same as the static group comparison, only with random assignment of participants to groups. |
| When there is good internal validity the researchers have carefully planned to control extraneous factors. | True |
| Which of the following is not necessary for establishing a cause-effect relationship? | The cause and effect are both independent variables. |
| With ex post facto designs, the independent variable is not controlled by the researchers. | True |
| Which type of validity represents the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized? | External |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding internal and external validity? | No study design can optimize both internal and external validity. |
| Independent variables are the quantities being directly measured in a given study. | False |
| Which type of variable is investigated as being a cause in a cause-effect relationship? | Independent |
| External validity determines the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to the population the participants represent. | True |
| According to the Hawthorne effect, participants perform more poorly when they are being observed due to nervousness. | Flase |
| An educated guess as to the outcome of a study is known as the research hypothesis | True |
| Good research writing employs detailed, technical jargon. | Flase |
| A statement such as "the study was conducted" is an example of active voice. | Flase |
| Composing an outline prior to writing is a wise practice in research writing. | True |
| Which of the following is not a common editorial style? | National Library of Science |
| The first sentence of a well-written paragraph states the main point of the paragraph and is known as a topic sentence | True |
| Which of the following are not governed by the editorial stvle of a iournal? | The words chosen by the authors in writing the paper |
| Which of the following is not true regarding plagiarism? | It applies to well-known, commonly discussed concepts. |
| In the text of a research paper, which of the following are appropriately used to identify researchers who have published studies? | Last names only |
| Proofreading a written assignment should always be considered an important part of completing the assignment. | True |
| The preferred voice in research writing is passive. | Flase |
| In good research, writing longer sentences is typically preferred over shorter ones. | Flase |
| Researchers are often interested in the effect of an independent variable upon a dependent variable. | True |
| Which of the following is not true of good research writing? | It usually requires very long, complex sentences. |
| Composing an outline prior to writing is a wise practice in research writing. | True |
| In good research writing, each paragraph must be distinct, with no reference to the previous paragraph. | Flase |
| A researcher conducts a study that involves an environment that promotes movement to a child with special needs. Which type of research design or technique is typically used in this situation? | Case Study |
| Surveys, questionnaires, and intervielvs are all qualitative research techniques. | False |
| there are no previous research studies that examine how physical activity influences social interactions. Which type of research may be best to start with in order to provide an initial snapshot in time of these behaviors in a group of children? | Basic descriptive |
| Correlational research manipulates at least one independent variable to determine the effect on at least one dependent variable. | False |
| Questionnaires and surveys rely on self-report while _____ research relies on direct measurement of behavior. | Observational |
| Which of the following is true of exponential research designs? | A cause-effect relationship is established. |
| A(n) Likert scale is used to assign numerical values to survey and questionnaire responses. | True |
| The stronger the correlation between variables, the better the ability of a researcher to predict future outcomes. | True |
| It is important to carefully consider the words chosen to write survey questions because the way in which questions are phrased can have a great impact on how questions answered. | True |
| ______ research involves measuring or observing at least two dependent variables without any manipulation of an independent variable by a researcher. | Correlational |
| ________ research studies aim to establish cause-effect relationships between variables. | Experimental |
| Experimental research designs are more important, reliable, and valid compared to descriptive research designs. | False |
| A cross-sectional research design aims to simulate developmental change over time, without taking months or years to complete the research study. | true |
| Experimental studies are often based on the initial results of correlational research and aim to test specific hypotheses. | True |
| Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient is usually represented simply as r. | True |
| A recent research study found strong positive association between body mass index and the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior. This indicates a cause-eff relationship. | False |
| Which type of research design may be most appropriate as an initial step to determine the relationships among height, weight, body mass index, and physical activity? | correlational |
| A few issues with a(n) case study research design is that the sample size is typically very low, there is no control group, and findings do not establish a cause-effect relationship. | True |
| Which of the following is typically used to gain much more specific information from only a few research participants and consists of open-ended questions? | Interviews |
| research is concerned with how behavior changes over time (short term or long term) while cross-sectional research characterizes behavior at a specific point in time. | longitudinal |
| Which form of qualitative data coding is used to verify themes that have been identified? | Selective coding |
| It is not unusual for participants, settings, and research questions to be added during the course of a qualitative study. | True |
| Qualitative research begins with the formation of concrete hypotheses that the collection of data either confirms or denies. | False |
| Like quantitative research, good qualitative research relies on random selection of participants. | False |
| What is the first step in analyzing qualitative data? | writing field notes |
| Which of the following qualitative research traditions is considered a form of critical inquiry? | Orientational inquiry |
| The findings of a qualitative study are influenced by the background and personal experiences of the researcher. | True |
| Qualitative research typically requires spending long periods in the setting under study. | True |
| Which of the following is not a source of data in qualitative research? | Tables of numbers |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of qualitative research? | Once established, the research design remains constant. |
| Findings from correlational research tend to be the foundation for experimental studies. | True |
| Findings from correlational research tend to be the foundation for experimental studies. | true |
| A correlation value of -0.8 indicates a strong negative relationship between two variables. | True |
| Which of the following terms is used to explain how much change in one variable is the result of change in another variable? | Coefficient of determination |
| As the alpha level set by researchers increases, there is a greater chance of finding statistical significance of an r actual value. | True |
| The coefficient of determination, or r2, indicates the amount of shared variance by two variables. | False |
| Which of the following terms describes a statistical output that is convenience when a researcher wants to observe the correlations between multiple variables within the same plot? | Correlation matrix |
| A correlation coefficient must be a value in between -1.0 and +1.0. | True |
| Left- and right-hand grip strength vary together 94% of the time. Which of the following describes how the 94% was obtained? | r2 * 100 |
| Linear regression is a statistical tool that predicts the amount of change in one variable based on the amount of change of another variable. | True |
| As children's body mass index increases, motor proficiency tends to decrease. This is an example of a negative correlation. | True |
| Which statistic allows researchers to interpret the strength of a significant r value? | coefficient of determination (r2) |
| Which value must the ractual value exceed if it is to be determined as significant? | r critical |
| As sample size increases, the rcritical value becomes lower thereby increasing the chance that an ractual will be statistically significant. | True |
| Which of the following terms describes the statistical tool that allows several predictor variables to be used to predict an outcome variable? | Multiple regression |
| The strength of a correlation is related to whether or not the correlation is positive or negative. | False |
| The coefficient of determination, or r2, indicates the amount of shared variance by two variables. | False |
| A strong correlation indicates a cause-effect relationship. | False |
| A researcher predicts that there is no difference from pre- to post-intervention on the onset of walking as a result of a treadmill intervention provided to infants diagnosed with Down syndrome. This is an example of a null hypothesis. | True |
| A researcher is interested in the effect of the duration of instruction on motor skill competence. There are 3 groups: 15, 30, and 45 minutes per session during a 12-week intervention. What is the most appropriate statistical test? | One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", what alpha level or level of significance did the authors set for this study? | 5% |
| Post hoc tests are conducted only if a significant result of an ANOVA is found. | True |
| A calculated p value as the result of a statistical test must be greater than the a priori selected alpha level in order to be termed significant. | True |
| Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests describe specifically which groups are statistically different from each other. | False |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", which of the following was not a statistic used by the authors to analyze their data? | Anova |
| One group of participants is tested pre- and post-intervention on a dependent variable of interest. What is the most appropriate statistical | Dependent t test |
| The alpha level is the statistical chance that a researcher will mistakenly reject the null hypothesis, when in fact the null hypothesis should be accepted, indicating that a significant difference between groups does not exist. | True |
| A researcher predicts that participants will gain strength as the result of participating in an 8-week exercise program. This is an example of a directional alternative hypothesis. | True |
| An analysis of covariance is the statistical test used as an attempt to control for a confounding variable that may have influenced the values of the dependent variable. | True |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", it was found that canoe paddlers had a much higher stroke rate. | False |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", which of the following was not a hypothesis stated by the authors? | |
| In general, as variability increases between groups it becomes more difficult to find statistical significance. | True |
| It is possible to simultaneously find a main effect and an interaction effect as the result of a two-way ANOVA | True |
| how the performance of three types of a motor tasks influences memory recall. The number of hours of sleep the participants had the previous night was measured and is considered a confounding variable. What is the most appropriate statistical test? | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) |
| Which of the following is an example of a post hoc test? | Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", which of the following was not a physical fitness tests stated by the authors in the methods section? | pull up |
| Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests result in an F statistic that is the result of the sum of squares divided by the mean squares values. | True |
| "Relationship between performance test and body composition/physical strength characteristic in sprint canoe and kayak paddlers", which of the following was not a limitation described by the authors of this study? | The sample size was too large |
| To establish construct validity, typically developing children and children diagnosed with development coordination disorder completed the test with an expectation that the groups would perform statistically different from each other. | True |
| Studies have established a strong association between an objective monitor (such as a pedometer) and direct observation (which is considered the "gold standard") to measure physical activity. These studies are attempting to determine criterion validity. | True |
| The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is considered an assessment with predictive validity where performance is thought to be related to success in graduate school. | True |
| Standard scores are helpful to allow comparison of performance between two or more different assessments. | True |
| A component of internal consistency is established by participants completing the same test once per month. | False |
| Which of the following types of validity is considered the "weakest" in terms of ensuring accurate measurement? | Logical validity |
| When developing a Likert scale, each number should represent an approximately equal unit of measure in an attempt to provide an accurate measurement. | True |
| Validity is how well a given test, instrument, or assessment measures what it claims to measure. | True |
| If performance of each skill is highly correlated to performance on all of the skills combined, then which of the following type of reliability has been established? | Split-half |
| There are two versions of an exam a professor gives to his/her class. If equivalence reliability is established, then competence in course material can be assessed similarly be either version of the exam. | True |
| Construct validity is the process of measuring the accuracy of a test, instrument, or assessment to measure a variable that cannot be directly observed or measured. | True |
| Three researchers are coding physical activity behaviors of preschool children. Each researcher established over 90% agreement with each of the other two researchers. Which of the following type of reliability has been established? | Stability |
| A researcher creates a "Fun Index" which is a scale from 1-10. Parents rate the perceived level of fun displayed by their child during data collection sessions. Which of the following terms best describes the validity of this scale? | Logical validity |
| Test-retest reliability is typically established by which of the following statistical tools? | Pearson correlation |
| Objectivity and interrater reliability are terms that are often used interchangeably and describe the process researchers must go through in order to ensure accurate measurement. | True |
| A student scores similarly on an IQ test once per week for three consecutive weeks. This suggests the IQ test is reliable. | True |
| They sent the survey to another group of experts who made small revisions. Everyone agreed that the final product measured physical activity participation. Which of the following terms best describes this process? | Content validity |
| A Z score can only be calculated for interval data. | False |
| Standard scores are helpful to allow comparison of performance between two or more different assessments. | True |
Created by:
Mselensky