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APUSH: Chapter 20
APUSH Chap 20: Whose Government? Politics, Populists and Progressives (1880-1917
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| "waving the bloody shirt" | campaign expression used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind north voters that the Confederates were Democrats. used to divert attention from candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South. |
| Gilded Age | name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age that hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. |
| Pendleton Act | law that created a Civil Service Commission - fed. gov. jobs be awarded on the basis of merit, government employees be selected through competitive exams. made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law. |
| Mugwumps | Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884. - chose Grover Cleveland over James G. Blaine. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. banned any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce |
| Lodge Bill | Fed. Elections Bill, whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan fed board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. The defeat sought to defend African American voting rights and full participation in politics. |
| Omaha Platform | Political agenda adopted by the populist party in Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver, gov. regulation of railroads/industry, graduated income tax, and number of election reforms. stronger gov. to protect ordinary people |
| Free Silver | Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan. - where the US mint would not charge a fee for minting silver coins - used to encourage borrowing and simulate industry |
| Williams v. Mississippi | 1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal. |
| Solid South | Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election. - the unwavering electoral support to the democrats in the south |
| Newlands Reclamation Act | 1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states. sold public lands and expanded agriculture on arid lands - supported by roosevelt |
| Wisconsin Idea | policy promoted by Republican gov. Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater gov. intervention in the economy, relied on experts, progressive economists, for policy recommendations. included Initiative, Recall, Referendum, and gave voters more power |
| recall | voting to remove unpopular politicians from office |
| Referendum | state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. - voting directly on a proposed law, rather than leaving it in the hands of legislators |
| National Child Labor Committee | reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor. The NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked. |
| Muller v. Oregon | Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health - Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries |
| Talented Tenth | term used by W. E. B. Du Bois for the top 10 percent of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights. - use their talents and position to eradicate segregation in American society |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | civil rights organization by worker Mary White Ovington founded in 1909 to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of "people of color." - allied with african american clubs, churches, national urban league, etc |
| Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | radical union/Wobblies aimed to unite American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. organized unskilled/foreign laborers, advocated social rev, led several major strikes. believed that resisting workplace overthrow capitalism |
| New Nationalism | Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts. proposed more powerful gov. to regulate /restore the gov's trust-busting power. proposed a fed child labor law, labor rights, national minimum wage for women |
| federal reserve act | law that set up a system of fed banks, gave gov the power to control money supply. established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district, could issue currency, set interest rates that district reserve banks charged their members |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; banned the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law. |
| Lochner v. New York | supreme court case that debated if New York state violated the liberty of the 14th amendment allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. ruled invalid, interfered the freedom of contract, went against the 8 hour work day for bakers |
| Mary E. Lease | Eloquent Kansas, American writer, lecturer, in the Populist party, who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell" advocated for suffrage and temperance |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democratic candidate for president, young nebraskan congresman, free-silver advocate, in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. defended farmers and attacked the gold standard |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president of the US, from New york and republican who served in the war of 1898 and returned to politics as New York's governor. he pushed for civil service reforms and tax on corporations. Won the election against McKinley |
| Robert La Follette | Progressive Wisconsin republican gov attacked machine politics/pressured state legislature to have each party hold a direct primary - Recalls, Referendum/gov. ownership of railroads, electric utilities, cheap credit, outlawed child labor, stronger laws |
| Louis Brandeis | lawyer, jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," "the people's lawyer," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling. was the first Jewish person on the supreme court |
| W. E. B. Du Bois | Harvard educated sociologist who call for a talented tenth and fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP |
| Eugene V. Debs | rebel, socialist Leader of American Railway Union (ARU), voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. |
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